LIME FUSION

Decomposition of Zircon. Zircon sand is inert and refractory. Therefore the first extractive step is to convert the zirconium and hafnium portions into active forms amenable to the subsequent processing scheme. For the production of hafnium, this is done in the United States by carbochlorination as shown in Figure 1. In the Ukraine, fluorosiUcate fusion is used. Caustic fusion is the usual starting procedure for the production of aqueous zirconium chemicals, which usually does not involve hafnium separation. Other methods of decomposing zircon such as plasma dissociation or lime fusions are used for production of some grades of zirconium oxide. 

Carry out a preliminary soda lime fusion test to determine whether the base is liberated under these conditions if it is, repeat the experiment with 1 g. of the substance. Identify the base (amine) by its m.p. (if a solid) and the preparation of a solid derivative (Section IV,100). 

Lanthanide iodide silicides, 200 Lanthanide metals, 200 Lanthanide nitrobenzoates, 200 Lanthanide—transition metal alloy hydrides, 201 Lassaigne test, 201 Lead salts of nitro compounds, 201 Lecture demonstrations, 202 Light alloys, 202 Lime fusion, 202 Linseed oil, 202 Liquefied gases, 203 Liquefied natural gas, 203 Liquefied petroleum gases, 203 Liquid air, 204 Liquid nitrogen cooling, 205 Lithium peralkyluranates, 205 Lubricants, 205 Lycopodium powder, 205... 

Long needles from cone. HHO3. M.p. 190° (195-6°). Sol. hot EtOH, hot cone. HNO3. Spar. sol. cold EtOH. Insol. HgO. Forms a ydride at 230°. Soda-lime fusion —y phosphoric acid -4- benzene. 

Pure zirconia is obtained via the chlorination and thermal decomposition of zirconia ores, their decomposition with alkali oxides, and lime fusion. The initial stage of the process is based on the chlorination of zircon in the presence of carbon at a temperature of 800-1200 °C in a shaft furnace ... 

Lime fusion is based on the reaction of zircon with calda, or doloma, which yields calcium zirconium silicate, calcium zirconate, calcium silicate, zirconium oxide, calcium magnesium silicate and the mixtures thereof, according to the reaction conditions ... 

The oxide of pure zirconium (Zirconia = Zr02) is obtained from sands of zircon (ZrSi04) or baddeleyite (Zr02) by a chemical processes via of chlorination and thermal decomposition, alkali oxide decomposition or lime fusion or by plasma decomposition [30],... 

Upon warming with 10-20 per cent, sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, no ammonia is evolved (distinction from primary amides). The base, however, is usually liberated upon fusion with soda lime (see experimental details in Section IV,175) and at the same time the acyl group yields a hydrocarbon. Thus benz-p-toluidide affords p-tolu-idine and benzene. 

Thermal Properties. Because all limestone is converted to an oxide before fusion or melting occurs, the only melting point appHcable is that of quicklime. These values are 2570°C for CaO and 2800°C for MgO. Boiling point values for CaO are 2850°C and for MgO 3600°C. The mean specific heats for limestones and limes gradually ascend as temperatures increase from 0 to 1000°C. The ranges are as follows high calcium limestone, 0.19—0.26 dolomitic quicklime, 0.19—0.294 dolomitic limestone, 0.206—0.264 magnesium oxide, 0.199—0.303 and calcium oxide, 0.175—0.286. 

Naphthalenesulfonic Acid. The sulfonation of naphthalene with excess 96 wt % sulfuric acid at < 80°C gives > 85 wt % 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (a-acid) the balance is mainly the 2-isomer (P-acid). An older German commercial process is based on the reaction of naphthalene with 96 wt % sulfuric acid at 20—50°C (13). The product can be used unpurifted to make dyestuff intermediates by nitration or can be sulfonated further. The sodium salt of 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid is required, for example, for the conversion of 1-naphthalenol (1-naphthol) by caustic fusion. In this case, the excess sulfuric acid first is separated by the addition of lime and is filtered to remove the insoluble calcium sulfate the filtrate is treated with sodium carbonate to precipitate calcium carbonate and leave the sodium l-naphthalenesulfonate/7J(9-/4-J7 in solution. The dry salt then is recovered, typically, by spray-drying the solution. 

H-acid, l-hydroxy-3,6,8-ttisulfonic acid, which is one of the most important letter acids, is prepared as naphthalene is sulfonated with sulfuric acid to ttisulfonic acid. The product is then nitrated and neutralized with lime to produce the calcium salt of l-nitronaphthalene-3,6,8-ttisulfonic acid, which is then reduced to T-acid (Koch acid) with Fe and HCl modem processes use continuous catalytical hydrogenation with Ni catalyst. Hydrogenation has been performed in aqueous medium in the presence of Raney nickel or Raney Ni—Fe catalyst with a low catalyst consumption and better yield (51). Fusion of the T-acid with sodium hydroxide and neutralization with sulfuric acid yields H-acid. Azo dyes such as Direct Blue 15 [2429-74-5] (17) and Acid... 

Similarly, fusion of milled zircon with dolomite or lime forms CaSiO and MgZrO [12032-31 -4] CaZrO [12013-47-7] and CaO Ca2SiO or CaSiO and Zr02, and is used to prepare zirconium oxide, usually as calcia-stabiUzed cubic zirconia because of the calcia left in soHd solution in the zirconia (27-29). 

On boiling the methiodide with 70% sulfuric acid an N-methyl-oxo derivative was obtained, and this in turn gave 3-amino-2-phenyl-quinoline, methylamine, and ammonia on fusion with soda lime. The bulk of the evidence therefore favors quaternization at N-2 (cf, 154), in which case the acid-hydrolysis product is 155. Quaternization at N-2 would be expected because of the steric influence of the 10-phenyl group and the influence of the 4-amino group (cf. 4-hydroxy-pyridazine ) in the pyridazine-type ring, although the partial double-bond character of that ring is probably different from that in pyridazine itself. 

What you want if you re making fusion cocktails at home is a designated bartender, as much as a designated driver, or you could be faced with a round of Moroccan martinis. I preferred Tabla s lime drop, a gin and lime with peeled, chopped ginger in it, which adds a nice tasty burn to the drink s sweetness and sourness. Mr. Cardoz said it was an homage to his father, who would drink a gin with lime every Saturday. 

Caustic coupling process, 10 356-357 Caustic flooding, 15 629-630 Caustic fusion, of zircon, 26 628 Causticiation, 15 63 in Bayer process, 2 352 slaked lime in, 15 45, 63 Caustic scrubbing, phosgene decomposition by, 15 807... 

Scottish chemist, physicist, and physician. Professor of chemistry at Glasgow. He clearly characterized carbon dioxide ( fixed air ) as the gas which makes caustic alkalies mild, and distinguished between magnesia and lime. He discovered the latent heats of fusion and vaporization, measured the specific heats of many substances, and invented an ice calorimeter. 

Lime.—This substance, which forms an important constituent in flint-glass, maybe introduced either as a carbonate, or slaked or burned. Limestone, however, that contains proto-carbonate of iron, must be excluded from tha mixture for making white glass. The action of lima is to render the alkaline silicates insoluble, and when rightly balanced by the other ingredients, it promotes the fusion of the whole, and improves the quality, but when added in excess, the glass becomes hard and difficult to work, and subjoet to devitrification. 

Many assayers use slaked lima alone others add with the lime small portions of the alkaline carbonates, or borax, which often facilitate the fusion, especially with such ores as contain much silica and alumina, and are, consequently, very refractory. 

When alumina is combined with the silica, forming a natural clay, a much more compact and fusible compound is formed with the lime than when the silica is alone. Indeed, it has been observed as a general principle, that tire point of fusion is materially affected by the relation and number of bases the whole materials contain thus, a more liquid scoria is obtsined by the addition of a limestone containing magnesia than with a pure limestone. But experience is against the use of a magnesieu limestone, because it deteriorates the iron produced, while the purity of the metal iB the primary consideration. That which contains much silica should also be used sparingly, as silica combines with the iron and injures its quality, -The purest limestones are the most suitable for flux. Common marble is nearly a pnre carbonate of lime but is too rare and expensive to be used as a flux. 

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