Acid hydrolysis products

On boiling the methiodide with 70% sulfuric acid an N-methyl-oxo derivative was obtained, and this in turn gave 3-amino-2-phenyl-quinoline, methylamine, and ammonia on fusion with soda lime. The bulk of the evidence therefore favors quaternization at N-2 (cf, 154), in which case the acid-hydrolysis product is 155. Quaternization at N-2 would be expected because of the steric influence of the 10-phenyl group and the influence of the 4-amino group (cf. 4-hydroxy-pyridazine ) in the pyridazine-type ring, although the partial double-bond character of that ring is probably different from that in pyridazine itself. 

Group VI Donors. Oxygen donor ligands. A new and more successful preparation of CIS- and tra s-K[Rh(ox)2(H20)2] has been reported, via the chromatographic separation of the acid hydrolysis products from Kj[Rh(ox)3],4j-H20. The u.v.-visible spectra of these complexes cast doubts on the purity of the samples previously described. An interesting feature of Rh -oxalate chemistry is the assertion that K3[Rh(ox)3],4 H20 actually exists as the partly unidentate K6[Rh(ox)3][Rh(ox)2(C204H)(OH)],8H20. This has now... 

PBT was proved to be decarbamoylsaxitoxin by the lack of C-14 signal in NMR spectra as well as by the complete agreement of all spectral and chromatographic properties with dcSTX prepared from STX by acid hydrolysis. Production of STX by carbamoylation with chlorosulfonylisocyanate also evidenced the identity between PBT and dcSTX (10). 

Pederamide (512), an acid hydrolysis product of pederin (147) (467), has been synthesized by two research groups. In one approach (471) to 512, cw-di-methylbutyrolactone (513) was converted to the dihydroxyalkynyl ester (516) by... 

Fatty acids. Hydrolysis products of fats. Febrifuge. That which reduces fever antipyretic. 

Aconites, commonly called wolfsbane or monkshood, are species of Aconitum (Ranunculaceae), valued ornamental herbaceous plants, grown for their showy blue or purple flowers, which are shaped like a monk s cowl. Their alkaloid content, mainly in the roots, makes them some of the most toxic plants commonly encountered. The dried roots of Aconitum napellus were once used, mainly externally for relief of pain, e.g. in rheumatism. The toxic alkaloids (0.3-1.5%) are complex diterpene-derived esters. Aconitine (Figure 6.124) is the principal component (about 30%) and is a diester of aconine with acetic and benzoic acids. Hydrolysis products benzoylaconine and aconine are also present in dried plant material. These alkaloids appear to behave as neurotoxins by acting on sodium channels. All species of Aconitum and Delphinium are potentially toxic to man and animals and must be treated with caution. 

Figure 9 The structures of duloxetine and the four main acidic hydrolysis products.

Recently, Brill and co-workers (43, 44) have isolated mutant strains of Azotobacter vinelandii which produce an inactive nitrogenase component. This component can be reactivated by treatment with the neutralized acid-hydrolysis products of other nitrogenases (which themselves become inactive on such a treatment) but not apparently with any other molybdenum enzymes. This may either reflect a difference between the cofactor in nitrogenase and other molybdenum enzymes or may be caused by the reconstitution conditions used which may not have been sufficiently varied to allow for different molybdenum oxidation states to be attained. In any event, the chemical characterization and authentication of the molybdenum cofactor should reveal some of the intimate details of the molybdenum site. 

Thus methane is released from the fines mainly as CD4 and CH4 in ratios (CD4 CH4) varying from 2.2 to 12.7 the most common ratio being in the range 3 1 to 5 1. Some is also released as CD3H but is considered to be an acid hydrolysis product and is included with CD4 for quantitative measurement. Other partly deuterated species (CH2D2,CH3D) are released in only trace concentrations. Similarly, ethane is released as both undeuterated and deuterated (and almost fully deuterated) species. Other species (ethylene, acetylene, propane, propene, butane and butene) appear to be mainly deuterocarbons. The Cj to C4 deuterocarbons are thought to arise from acid hydrolysis of carbides in the samples (Table 2). 

Cleavage of the Innermost EO unit from the tOPh-molety (see Figure 1) could yield oligomeric C-polyethylene glycols ( 6). Solvent partitioning and RP TLC procedures were developed to show that neither the water-soluble metabolites from barley nor their acid hydrolysis products contained more than trace quantities of these materials (12). 

He demonstrated that the hpid fraction of the raw sewage sludge accounted for approximately 50% of the biodegradable COD of the sludge. Further he showed that hydrolysis of the triglycerides, which accounted for 66% of the lipid COD, was essentially complete at values of Oc less than the values of 6c required for effective methane fermentation of the long chain fatty acid hydrolysis products. Stearic and palmitic... 

Amoxicillin has been quantified in drug substance or formulated product by polarography of a pH 6.2 solution [138], an acid hydrolysis product [139] or a bromine oxidation product [140],... 

The acid hydrolysis products for both diazepam and its major metabolite are shown in Figure 7. The acid hydrolysis of chlordiazepoxide is also included since it is the same as for the major diazepam metabolite13. 

The acid hydrolysis product was identified, as 2-propanyI-4,5-methylene-dioxy benzyl alcohol (hydroxy me thy Id ihydrosafrolc or HMDS), with the structure shown below ... 

Powerful selective antidotes or antagonists to treat cocaine abuse are necessary to offset the increased cocaine toxicity currently observed in the United States. The use of catalytic antibodies in the creation of selective binding agents and detoxication catalysts of cocaine could represent a novel approach that may result in significant advances in the field of detoxication of drugs of abuse. An anti-cocaine catalytic antibody directed to hydrolyze the benzoyl ester could in principle catalyze the formation of ecgonine and benzoic acid, hydrolysis products of cocaine that do not possess the reinforcing or CNS stimulation properties of cocaine (Spealman et al. 1989). 

The third aspect of improvement may mean an entirely different process for making an old substance. For many decades soap has been manufactured by caustic soda saponification of fats in the batch process. In recent years plants have been installed for the high pressure, high temperature rapid hydrolysis of fats in the countercurrent liquid mixed phase using water and a catalyst. In this case the sodium fatty acid or the soap may be prepared by neutralizing the free fatty acid hydrolysis product with caustic soda or soda ash depending upon convenience and the market. Naturally the unit consumption factors changed when the improved process was used. 

The fate mechanisms of GB in soil includes hydrolysis, evaporation and leaching the phos-phonic acid hydrolysis products are subject to biodegradation. Depending on temperature, > 90% of GB added to soil may be lost in 5 days (Small, 1984). As shown by field studies under snow in Norway, low temperatures would increase persistence. In this setting, approximately 55% was removed by evaporation within 5 h and 15% was removed by hydrolysis. Hydrolysis products and several impurities were present up to four weeks later (NMFA, 1982-1983 Johnsen and Blanch, 1984). Hydrolytic half-lives are highly dependent upon pH and temperature. Hydrolytic half-lives are shorter in acidic and basic solutions than at a neutral pH. At 20° C and the pH of natural waters where the half-life is a maximum, estimates of the half-life range from 461 h (pH 6.5) to 46 h (pH 7.5) (Clark, 1989). At 25°C, the half-life ranges from 237 h (pH 6.5) to 24 h (pH 7.5). A half-life of 8300 h at 0°C and a pH of 6.5 was estimated. Durst et al, (1988) have documented a half-life of 3 s at a pH of 12. 

The hydrolysis is an autocatalytic process because the y-hydroxybutyric acid hydrolysis product accelerates hydrolysis of the acid-sensitive ortho ester linkages. Therefore, in order to prevent autoacceleration of the hydrolysis, a base must be incorporated into the polymer to neutralize the y-hydroxybutyric acid. 

Even though the hydrolysis eventually produces an acid, polymer erosion rate is controlled by hydrolysis of the ortho ester bonds. The subsequent hydrolysis of the ester bonds takes place at a much slower rate so that the neutral, low molecular weight reaction products can diffuse away from the implant before hydrolysis to an acid takes place. Thus, unlike the poly (ortho ester) system I, no autocatalysis is observed and it is not necessary to use basic excipients to neutralize the acidic hydrolysis products. 

A further substantial advance toward elucidation of the structure of macralstonine was provided by its 3-hour reaction with boiling dilute hydrochloric acid, which gave alstophylline (XXVIII), the methoxy ketone XXXI, itself an acid hydrolysis product of alstophylline under these same conditions so its presence was of no further assistance in the... 

A Malabarba, P Strazzolini, A Depaoli, M Landi, M Berti, B Cavalleri. Teicoplanin, antibiotics from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus nov. sp. VI. Chemical degradation physicochemical and biological properties of acid hydrolysis products. J Antibiot 37 988-999, 1984. 

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