Start-up procedure

Thermographers who operate several different models of thermographic and thermal sensing equipment should refamiliarize themselves with the start-up procedure of the equipment selected for a particular field measurement. This allows the data-gathering process to begin with no unnecessaiy delays it saves valuable on-site time and inspires confidence on the part of facility personnel. A quick review of the operator s manual and a short dry run prior to leaving home base are usually all that is required. 

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It frequently is necessary to charge vessels with inert gases before introducing flammable or reactive materials. The ha2ards of entering vessels that have been filled with inert atmospheres which do not support life must not be overlooked. Start-up procedures should be written in detail well ahead of actual start-up. 

Repacking the pump is a difficult and dirty job and falls down to the bottom of the mechanics favorite to do list. Extreme eare should be taken to assure a proper installation. It s a job usually put off until the very last moment. Repaeking a pump eorrectly takes a lot of time. Not following the correct repacking and start-up procedures results in short packing life. 

Fluid Location and Relative Temp. Start-Up Procedure Shut-Down Procedure... 

Designs should be based on knowledge of what the human body (and human nature) will do. Include educated operators in design reviews. The HAZOP methodology for process hazard analysis offers an excellent opportunity to identify design and procedural opportunities for inherently safer systems. After all, the OP in HAZOP stands for operability (COPS, 1992). For example, a safe start-up procedure that requires the operator to walk up and down the stairs three times to manipulate valves in the correct sequence can be made inherently safer by locating the valves so that operator has to walk up the stairs only once during the start-up. 

Where these valves are used, the time available to warm up the pipe work will be known, as it is set on the valve control. In other cases, details of the start-up procedure must be known so that the time may be estimated. Thus boilers started from cold may be fired for a short time, shut off for a period while temperatures equalize, and then fired again. Boilers may be protected from undue stress by these short bursts of firing, which extend the warm-up time and reduce the rate at which the condensate in the mains must be discharged at the traps. 

Follow proper start-up procedures. Introduce feed to the riser only when the reactor system is adequately heated up. Local cold spots cause coke to build up in the reactor cyclones, the plenum chamber, or the vapor line. 

Study the normal start up procedure with the reactors empty of reactant and cold (CAj - CA2 = CA3 = 0, Ti = T2 = T3 = 0) and confirm that the system proceeds to the low yield condition of Case 1. 

It was also established that the distribution of the liquid phase in the reactor depends on the reactor start-up procedure. When the flow rate of liquid AMS is reduced from 1.47 x 10 1 g s 1 (Figure 5.4.6, images 43 and 45) down to 2.96 x 10-2 g s 1 (images 85 and 87), the distribution of the liquid phase hardly changes and the catalyst bed contains a substantial amount of liquid. At the same time, if... 

Figure 5. VCM/VAc emulsion copolymerization (a) conversion vs. time in a batch reactor for extreme cases (b) instantaneous copolymer compostion (c) start-up procedures in an unseeded CSTR.

Equations (1-1) and (1-2) are true in the general case and can be used to study several modes of reactor operation (e.g. batch, semi-batch, continuous, start-up procedures, etc.). If the assumption is made that the reactor is a vessel continuously operating full, i.e. overflow CSTR, then the right hand side (RHS) of equation (1-2) is zero and (1-1) is considerably simplified to yield ... 

Flow instabilities or even pipeline blockage during start-up procedures due to surge effects caused by the initial high pressure drop across the blow tank (and hence high instantaneous flow rate of material),... 

The start-up procedure after an agitation failure can be studied in detail in bench-scale testing as well. 

Written start-up procedures shall be prepared before introducing the transported hydrogen into the system and shall require the following ... 

When the merged stream flows through the detector, transient peaks are recorded in proportion to analyte concentration. Excessive dispersion of the sample zone into the carrier stream is reduced by the use of small sample volumes, narrow bore tubing and short residence times in the system. Rapid analysis and easy starting up procedures make this technique particularly useful for single samples which arrive infrequently and require immediate analysis (Table 6.1). 

The material of construction for the ET screw is critical in order to provide the proper strength in the event of an improper start-up procedure and to minimize cost. The maximum stress that the screw will experience during operation will be in the feed section where the root diameter is the smallest and the torque is the greatest. The calculation of the power that a screw can transmit safely is provided in Section 10.4.5. This calculation ignores the strength contribution from the flight. The safety factor for this screw made from three different materiais is provided in Table 9.6. 

Figure 9.14 shows that the score T1 for the acoustic model and T1 for the process data have similar trend lines for the start-up procedure on the 20 February 2001, however the acoustic T1 has a significantly faster response than T1 for the process data when the fluidized bed is filled with granules. 

Again it may be desirable to vary the chronological order for the introduction of the solvent, soluble organic reagents, organometallic precursor, ligand, and promoter. Dramatic variations in catalytic activity may occur, going from very active systems to systems that possess more-or-less no activity and are therefore fully deactivated. In at least one case, the variability of catalytic activity as a function of start-up procedure has been studied by in situ FTIR. The term path-dependent catalysis has been used to emphasize the importance of the start-up procedure [60]. 

Reactor dynamics, stability, and start-up procedures are particularly important for auto-induced reactions such as these. For example, a small change in feed rate (rvalue), feed composition or temperature, or heat transfer rate may cause the reactor output to jump from one operating point to the other. 

The presence of polyphosphate detergent in the cleaning formulation (some of which will revert to orthophosphate) will, under most circumstances, lead to passivation of the clean metal surfaces. Additionally, as part of the water treatment program start-up procedure, it may prove useful to supplement this initial passivation with 2 to 3x the normal reserve of maintenance inhibitor chemical treatment for a period of 1 to 2 weeks. 

Thus, as part of the start-up procedure, a final inspection should be carried out, as it may yield some further ideas on program enhancements. Some remedial work or simple modifications may be desirable to improve the... 

Janata E (1992a) Instrumentation of kinetic spectroscopy. 9. Use of a computer for automatic performance of start-up procedures on a 4 MeV Van de Graaff electron accelerator. Radiat Phys Chem 40 217-223... 

After consulting Ref. P3 (p.582 Figure 14.2), it is confirmed that the high suction pressure available in this application ensures that cavitation will not occur in the pump. For the calculated specific pump speed, there is a safety factor of over 500%. Cavitation should not be a problem provided that the column is only partially repressurised before turning on the pump (a usual start-up procedure on the absorption column). 

One summer evening, the lead operator, accompanied by two operator trainees, started the No. 1 and No. 3 compressors to supply a feedstock to a unit that had been shut down during most of the day shift. The second step of the start-up procedure was to put water on the compressor water jacket. That step was inadvertently omitted in the start-up of the No. 1 compressor, and the temperature must have risen slowly. (Typically the water valves are not operated during brief shutdowns, so it may not have been checked.)... 

The activity of synthesis occurs throughout a design, from original process conception to construction and operation. Examples are 1) the synthesis of a control system for fixed plant configuration, 2) the synthesis of a start-up procedure for a new process, 3) the selection of materials of construction and 4) the layout of the plant to improve safety. All of these activities involve discrete decision making this aspect is a common denominator of all synthesis activities. 

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