Flooding caustic

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water No reaction Reactivity with Common Materials Reacts with organic materials rapidly, generating sufficient heat to cause ignition. Prolonged contact on wood floors can result in a fire hazard Stability During Transport Stable Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Flood with water and rinse with sodium bicarbonate solution Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

On a laboratory scale it has been shown that IOS can be used in LDLs [8], in HDPs [8-10], and in various other cleaning formulations. On the industrial side, IOS has been applied as a cosurfactant in caustic flooding formulations to enhance oil recovery [11]. 

IOS has been studied as a suitable cosurfactant in caustic flooding operations [11]. A field pilot test at White Castle (Texas) which used a blend of IOS 1720 and IOS 2024 was considered to be a technical success. 

Caustic coupling process, 10 356-357 Caustic flooding, 15 629-630 Caustic fusion, of zircon, 26 628 Causticiation, 15 63 in Bayer process, 2 352 slaked lime in, 15 45, 63 Caustic scrubbing, phosgene decomposition by, 15 807... 

Polymer and caustic floods have similar needs for oil-free water judgment, therefore, must be tempered with engineering expertise for the specific project. 

Another major difference between the tar sand bitumen and the petroleum residues is suggested in Table IV. In all the petroleum samples, the base content is higher than the acid content. In the P. R. Spring sample, the acids are higher than the bases. This could indicate the differences in oxidation, maturation, or origin for the tar sand bitumen as compared with crude oils. In addition, the acid content may often have important effects on recovery processes, such as those which rely on caustic flooding. 

Emulsion Injection for Recovery of Heavy Oil. Oil-in-water emulsions may be useful as sweep improvement agents in heavy-oil reservoirs. To improve the mobility ratio occurring with high-viscosity oils, McAuliffe (69) and Schmidt et al. (70) proposed the use of stable oil-inwater emulsions. These authors conducted laboratory experiments with emulsions prepared by reaction of sodium hydroxide with a synthetic acidic oil. The theoretical background for emulsion blocking has been discussed in Chapter 6, and it forms the basis for one of several mechanisms of caustic flooding (7i). These emulsions may form spontaneously during oil recovery processes (72), but can just as easily be prepared and injected as enhanced oil recovery fluids. 

Alkaline flooding is also called caustic flooding. Alkalis used for in situ formation of surfactants include sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium orthosilicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium metaborate, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonium carbonate. In the past, the first two were used most often. However, owing to the emulsion and scaling problems observed in Chinese field applications, the tendency now is not to use sodium hydroxide. The dissociation of an alkali results in high pH. For example, NaOH dissociates to yield OH" ... 

Sarem, A.M., 1974. Secondary and tertiary recovery of oil by MCCF (mobility-controlled caustic flooding) process. Paper SPE 4901 presented at the SPE-AIME 44 Annual California Regional Meeting, San Francisco, 4-5 April. 

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