Lifecycle of a Facility

The first bullet indicates that the NFPA standards should be used to determine the fire water requirements for a facility. The NFPA standards do not define when a system is required. The first bullet does not achieve the result of defining when protection is necessary. In addition, the level of protection needed for a process facility is not covered by the cited NFPA standards. The NFPA standards simply describe howto design and install system components. 

The second bullet implies that all structural steel requires a 3-hour fire resistive coating. Again, the statement does not define when the specific design feature must be used. These types of statements normally apply to design specifications for projects. 

Guidelines for Integrating Process Safety Management, Environment, Safety, Health, and Quality (CCPS, 1996a) may be of assistance in integration of management systems. 

The integration of fire protection in the RMS needs to be considered during all phases of the lifecycle of the process or facility. 

Fire protection is much the same in that it needs to be part of the MERITT process and will have impacts on EHS issues throughout the lifecycle of the process unit or facility. 

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Section 3.1 discusses key factors a company may consider in the development of their fire protection strategy. Section 3.2 discusses how to develop a fire protection strategy. Section 3.3 discusses the need for integration with other facility management systems and Section 3.4 outlines the need for fire protection through the lifecycle of the facility. 

A fire risk assessment should be documented to provide a clear overall picture of the possible fire hazards and the role safety systems play in hazard control and mitigation. Also, a fire risk assessment should be maintained evergreen during the lifecycle of the facility to ensure ongoing management of fire hazards. 

The outline plan forms the basis for a detailed deeommissioning strategy to be produeed by the plant lieensee/operator and developed throughout the lifecycle of the facility. As the end of the operational lifetime of the facility is approached, a detailed deconunissioning plan will be produced. This detailed plan will expand and improve upon the outline plan, and will reflect the best available technology. As required by the nuclear site licence, the development of the detailed plan will be undertaken with full consultation with the regulatory authorities. 

The selection of appropriate fire protection for a specific type of facility or item of equipment should be based on the lifecycle stage of the facility and the results of a fire hazard analysis as described in Chapter 5. Typically, the protection features available will include one or more of the following ... 

Incorporating sustainability into design requires a more systemic view (see Section 5.3.2 for detailed descriptions on systems thinking) beyond the boundaries of a chemical facility. This often includes the consideration of a product s lifecycle as well as the needs of a broader set of stakeholders, such as ... 

The value of backup power is as much as three to four times the value of primary power on a kilowatt basis. For example, the lifecycle cost of the backup power systems found at the base of a cell tower, which now consists of a bank of lead acid batteries and a diesel or natural gas fired combustion engine, is between 3000 and 4000 per kW. Critical power facilities for data processing centers and the like are also in this cost range. The simple fact is that customers need electricity and will pay a considerable insurance premium to obtain assurance of uninterruptible power. In the case of cellular phone service providers, their federal FCC license may be at risk if they are unable to demonstrate adequate operating capability in the event of grid outages. 

An important part of this chapter is dedicated to validation and qualification. It is a GMP requirement that critical aspects of operations are controlled through qualification and validation during the lifecycle of the processes and products. Any planned changes to the facilities, equipment... 

The second section is devoted to the nuclear fuel cycle and also facilities processes related to the lifecycle of nuclear systems. The fuel cycle begins with the extraction or mining of uranium ores and follows the material through the various processing steps before it enters the reactor and after it is removed from the reactor core. This section includes nuclear fuel reprocessing, even though it is not currently practiced in the United States, and also describes the decommissioning process that comes at the end of life for nuclear facilities. A separate chapter discusses the fuel cycles that can be used when the reactor fuel is reprocessed. 

The functional safety achieved in any process facility is dependent on a number of activities being carried out in a satisfactory manner. The purpose of adopting a systematic safety lifecycle approach towards a safety instrumented system is to ensure that all the activities necessary to achieve functional safety are carried out and that it can be demonstrated to others that they have been carried out in an appropriate order. lEC 61511-1 ANSI/ISA-84.00.01-2004 Parti (lEC 61511-1 Mod ) sets out a typical lifecycle in Figure 8 and Table 2. Requirements for each lifecycle phase are given in Clauses 8 through 16 of lEC 61511-1 ANSI/ISA-84.00.01-2004 Part 1 (lEC 61511-1 Mod). 

A working definition of the Safely Lifea/cle is that it is an engineering process utilizing specific steps to ensure that Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) are effective in their key mission of risk reduction as well as being cost effective over the life of the system. Activities associated with the Safety Lifecycle start when the conceptual design of facilities is complete and stop when the facilities are entirely decommissioned. Key activities associated with a Safety Lifecycle are outlined below. 

Thirdly, the evaluation for CO2 capture should be conducted under a simulated or even an actual flue gas condition, rather than the most often used equilibrium CO2 sorption for the current studies. In our opinion, the international facilities in this field should create the benchmarking materials and further the prototypical materials column, which can be used for the evaluation of the CO2 capture performance of newly emerging capture materials on the same standards. Beyond these considerations, the engineering economics of the new materials must be evaluated upon the scale-up of the materials for industrial applications, and economic models must be established to cover lifecycle CO2 separation, capture, and sequestration costs for various technologies. 

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