Energy cost throughout lifecycle

An evaluation of embodied energy was published by two Swedish researchers, C. J. Rydh and B. A. Sanden, on SAFT lithium-ion VL50 E 

The authors then calculate the primary energy requirement for the constmction and transport of the battery they give it as being 520 kWh of primary energy per kWh of battery capacity. 

It is interesting to compare this energy with the amount that said battery would store/deliver over the duration of its lifetime. For instanee, for 2,000 cycles with a DOD of 80%, the battery will have exchanged 1,600 kWh electric (4,128 kWh of primary energy if we take the coefficient of primary-to-final energy conversion to be 2.58, which is die value used in France) and consumed 520 kWh of embodied (primary) energy. 

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