Life Span Study

Y. Shimizu and co-workers, "Life Span Study Report 11, Part 1, Comparison of Risk Coefficients for Site-Specific Cancer MortaUty," Technical Report RERF-TR-12-87, Radiation Effect Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan, 1987. 

Brown, B. 1966. Long-Term Radiation Damage Evaluation of Life-Span Studies. Memoran. RM-5083-TAB. Rand Corp., Santa Monica, CA. 66 pp. 

The current health risks associated with exposure to low-dose radiation are extrapolated from high-dose data taken from the Life Span Study of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Currently, a linear no threshold extrapolation is recommended. The numerous technical reports and scientific papers about the Japanese A-bomb survivors were widely interpreted as showing that the effects of occupational exposures to radiation would be too small to detect in epidemiological studies. However, questions about the reliability of the A-bomb results were presented by Stewart and Kneale [2]. Their Oxford Childhood Study observed that children whose in utero exposures were as little as 10 to 20 mSv had 40% more childhood leukemias than those who were not exposed. No similar effects are reported in the A-bomb data. Of course, the finding of no effect is not a compelling argument for or against a safe dose. 

Beebe, G.W., Kato, H., and Land, C.E. (1978b). Life Span Study Report Mortality Experience of Atomic Bomb Survivors, 1950-74, RERF TR 1-77 (Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan). 

The Radiation Effects Research Foundation s Life Span Study of atomic bomb survivors has reported that for all solid tumours combined, there is clear evidence of a radiation dose-response relationship. Both excess relative risk and excess absolute risk are larger for individuals exposed as children than for those exposed as adults, and solid tumour risk continues to increase in later years (Kodama et al., 2003). Survivors of the atomic bombs also have increased risk of all kinds of solid tumours, including those of adult life, although the degree of susceptibility varies with age at the time of the bombings and is generally highest early in life. 

Rathore, A. S., and Sofer, G. (2005), Life span studies for chromatography and filtration media, in Rathore, A. S., and Sofer, G., Eds., Process Validation in Manufacturing of Biopharmaceuticals Guidelines, Current Practices, and Industrial Case Studies, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL. 

Masahito, P., K. Aoki, N. Egami, T. Ishikawa and H. Sugano. Life span studies on spontaneous tumor-development in the medaka (Oryzias latipes). Jap. J. Cancer Res. 80 1058—1065, 1989. 

Life-span study (LSS). The ongoing study of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors at abcc/rerf. The base sample of the study consisted of 120,000 people, of whom 82,000 were exposed to radiation from the bombs, mostly low doses. Subsets of the life-span studies are still being utilized for abcc/rerf investigations. 

Grant, E.J., Ozasa, K., Preston, D.L., et al., 2012. Effects of radiation and lifestyle factors on risks of uthelial carcinoma in the life span study of atomic bomb... 

Semmens, E.O., Kopecky, K.J., Grant, E., et al., 2013. Relationship between anthropometric factors, radiation exposure, and colon cancer incidence in the life span study cohort of atomic bomb survivors. Cancer Causes Control 24 (1), 27-37. 

Also, electronic SOPs and protocols must be available to staff at all test sites for multisite studies. If the electronic documents are to be available at several sites, the validation phase of the system must include functionality testing at each site. Documentation of system validation needs to be available at each test site as well. Electronic SOPs must have a limited life span when printed to avoid the use of an outdated document. This may be achieved by stamping each SOP hard copy Printout not valid after date xx/xx/xx . This practice helps to ensure that system users will not retain printed SOPs long after the electronic SOP is revised. For company SOPs that are to be followed by an outside contractor who has no access to the electronic system, an alternative stamp may be used on the hard-copy SOPs that will be provided to the contractor that defines the date printed or indicates that the SOP is valid for use in a particular study. Whatever procedure is used, it must be clearly documented in an SOP. 

One of the studies at the Fraunhofer Institute clearly indicated that the toxicity resulting from chronic inhalation of diesel engine exhaust was due to the particulate component of the exhaust and not the gases (21). Rats were exposed by inhalation over most of their life span to filtered or unfiltered diesel exhaust. Exposures were 19 h/day, 5 days/wk with soot concentrations of 4 mg/m3. All of the measures of toxicity determined, including decreases in body weight, alveolar clearance, and various measures of lung function, as well as the induction of lung tumors, were observed only In animals exposed to the unfiltered exhaust. 

Structure and function need to be jointly considered in the assessment of effects of stressors on river systems. It has been shown that the two sets of parameters offer complementary information since they cover different time scales and responses. This being shown in the case of biofilms is not a unique characteristic of them, but it might be applied to all other biological communities (e.g. macroinvertebrates, fish). These differ from the biofilm in its higher size and life span, and therefore in their integrative capacity to reflect effects in one part of the ecosystem. Higher traffic levels in addition to biofilms should be considered to study the whole ecosystem. In all of these biological compartments, the combined use of descriptors may amplify our ability to predict the effect of stressors on river basins. 

No data were found on the effects of silver compounds on avian or mammalian wildlife. All controlled studies with silver were with domestic poultry, livestock, or small laboratory mammals. Signs of chronic silver ion intoxication in tested birds and mammals included cardiac enlargement, vascular hypertension, hepatic necrosis, anemia, lowered immunological activity, altered membrane permeability, kidney pathology, enzyme inhibition, growth retardation, and a shortened life span (Smith and Carson 1977 Freeman 1979 Fowler and Nordberg 1986 USPHS 1990). 

Taxon Scale (CATS) and were later used in other studies. This finding suggests that the nature of criminal behavior changes across the life span in childhood it is reflective of latent taxonicity, but it primarily taps continuous variance in adults. This conclusion is somewhat at odds with the finding that Factor 2 of the PCL-R (antisocial behavior) is taxonic. Perhaps the inconsistency reflects a disconnection between criminality and behavioral manifestations of psychopathy. 

The other study species, U. caudimaculatus, has a longer life span than the smaller species. Animals can live for more than four years, and there is not the disparity in the proportion of the population that is mature at any given time of year, as in the other two species. This also means that the majority of the adult population is not pressured to find a final mating opportunity towards the end of the year they will get another chance later. The animals can then maximise their lifetime breeding success by surviving to breed over several years, and will likely continue their caution and avoidance of predator odours later in the year. 

As stated earlier, adequate survival is of primary importance in carcinogenicity studies because animals must be exposed to a drug for the greater part of their life span to increase the probability that late-occurring tumors can be detected. Early mortality, resulting from causes other than tumors, can jeopardize the validity of a study because dead animals cannot get tumors. 

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