Life span, extending

Introduction Antiaging and Life Span-Extending Actions... 

A cytokine, secreted by TH2-cells and mast cells, stimulates B-cell growth, acts as hematopoietic factor for growth factor eosinophils, and extends the life span of eosinophils. 

Firewater supply sources can be the city public water main, a dedicated storage tank and pumps, or the most convenient lake, river or if an offshore installation the open sea. Brackish or salt water supplies can be used if suitable corrosion protection measures are applied to the entire firewater system if it is planned to be used for an extended life (i.e., grater than five years). If a short life span of the facility is expected, short corrosion resistant materials may be used (i.e., carbon steel, galvanized steel, etc.), provided periodic testing indicates their integrity is still adequate and scale or corrosion particles do not affect operational efficiency. 

The Clonetics cell line from Cambrex Bio Science represents a cultured human corneal epithelial model (order no. CMS-2015 Cambrex Bio Science, Walkersville, MD). The culture model was generated by isolation of cells from normal human corneal tissues. The cells were then infected with an amphotropic recombinant retrovirus containing HPV-16 E6/E7 genes to extend the useful cell life span. The Clonetics cell model is a very recent entry into the immortalized corneal cell line field, but it has been proved to be useful for toxicity testing as well as in vitro drug permeation studies so far. Because of its very recent introduction, further examinations have to be undertaken to... 

Kahn CR, Young E, Lee IH, Rhim JS. Human comeal epithelial primary cultures and cell lines with extended life span In vitro model for ocular studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34 3429-3441 (1993). 

Holes can be cut to allow planting through the membrane as appropriate. Membranes may be covered with a loose mulch, to hold them in place, extend their life span, and improve their appearance. A mulch membrane must be permeable, to allow air and water into the soil, unless it is only to be kept in place for a few months. However, to suppress the more vigorous perennial weeds (see also pp.80-81), the membrane may need to be in place for several years while there are several biodegradable choices of membrane material, a nonbiodegradable material is the more practical option in such situations. 

Resveratroi a natural product polyphenol found in red wine and elsewhere that has the property of extending the life spans of several organisms. 

Lin, S.J., Ford, E., Haigis, M., Liszt, G.and Guarente, L. (2004) Calorie restriction extends yeast life span by lowering the level of NADH. Genes and Development, 18, 12-16. 

Bonawitz, N. D., Chatenay-Lapointe, M., Pan, Y., and Shadel, G. S. (2007). Reduced TOR signalling extends chronological life span via increased respiration and upregulated mitochondrial gene expression. Cell Metab. 5, 265-277. 

Evason, K., Huang, C., Yamben, I., Covey, D. F., and Komfield, K. (2005). Anticonvulsant medications extend worm life-span. Science 307, 258-262. 

A. OTC is a metabolic enzyme required to break down ammonia. Total lack of this enzyme leads to death shortly after birth owing to a buildup of ammonia. The partial presence of OTC also leads to accumulation of ammonia, which can be controlled by drugs and dietary intake. The genetic cause of this disease, its morbidity, and the need for rapid production of OTC by adenoviral vectors may extend the life span of OTC-deficient newborns to allow for drug treatment and dietary manipulation. Jesse Gelsinger, the 18-year-old patient who was the first patient to die on a phase I gene therapy trial, had OTC deficiency. 

Make an argument for why drugs that helped to extend the human life span would be very expensive. 

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