Leachates hazardous water sites

Lead has been identified in a variety of environmental media (air, surface water, groundwater, leachate, soil, sediment, fish and game animals) collected at 1,026 of the 1,467 current and former NPL hazardous waste sites (HazDat 1998). Lead is the most frequently found metal at hazardous waste sites (Reed et al. 1995). 

Lead has been identified in groundwater samples collected at 781 of the 1,026 NPL hazardous waste sites, in leachate samples collected at 146 of the 1,026 NPL hazardous waste sites, and in surface water samples collected at 458 of the 1,026 NPL hazardous waste sites where it was detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1998). 

Another source of acrylonitrile in water is leachate from chemical waste sites. Preliminary data from the Contact Laboratory Program (CLP) Statistical Database indicates that acrylonitrile has been detected in surface water samples collected at two of 862 hazardous-waste sites (including NPL and other sites) being investigated under Superfund. The median concentration of the positive samples was 100 pg/L (CLPSD 1988). Acrylonitrile was detected in 12 groundwater samples collected at 5 sites, also at a median concentration of 100 pg/L. 

Hexachloroethane is rarely detected in ambient water. Data reported in the STORET database indicate that the chemical was detectable in only 1 of 882 (0.1%) ambient water samples (Staples et al. 1985). The median concentration for all samples was <10 pg/L. Hexachloroethane was detected in Lake Ontario water, but not in Lake Erie (International Joint Commission 1983). The concentration of hexachloroethane in Lake Ontario was reported at 0.02 ng/L (Oliver and Niimi 1983). It was also identified in leachate from a hazardous waste site in Niagara Falls, New York (Hauser and Bromberg 1982). Hexachloroethane was not detected in 86 samples of urban runoff from 15 cities analyzed for the National Urban Runoff Program (Cole et al. 1984). 

Endrin ketone may react with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere, with an estimated half-life of 1.5 days (SRC 1995a). Available estimated physical/chemical properties of endrin ketone indicate that this compound will not volatilize from water however, significant bioconcentration in aquatic organisms may occur. In soils and sediments, endrin ketone is predicted to be virtually immobile however, detection of endrin ketone in groundwater and leachate samples at some hazardous waste sites suggests limited mobility of endrin ketone in certain soils (HazDat 1996). No other information could be found in the available literature on the environmental fate of endrin ketone in water, sediment, or soil. 

There is also a potential for release of endrin, endrin aldehyde, and endrin ketone to water from hazardous waste sites. Endrin has been detected in surface water samples collected at 10 of the 102 NPL sites, in groundwater samples collected at 37 of the 102 NPL sites, and in leachate samples collected at 2 of the 102 NPL sites where endrin has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). Endrin ketone has been detected in surface water samples collected at 5 of the 37 NPL sites, in groundwater samples collected at 16 of the 37 NPL sites, and in leachate samples collected at 2 of the 37 NPL sites where endrin ketone has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). No information was found on detections of endrin aldehyde in surface water, groundwater, or leachates at any NPL hazardous waste site (HazDat 1996)... 

No information could be found in the available literature on the bioavailability of endrin aldehyde or endrin ketone. This information would be useful for assessing the potential for exposure to these compounds from various environmental media, particularly in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites where endrin ketone has been found in surface water, groundwater, leachate, soil, and sediment (HazDat 1996). 

Cyanides (reported as cyanide, hydrogen cyanide, sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, calcium cyanide, or copper(I) cyanide) have been detected in surface water samples at 117 of the 406 hazardous waste sites, in groundwater samples at 208 of the 406 hazardous waste sites, and in leachate samples at 43 of the... 

Occupational exposure to higher than background levels of chloroform can be expected to occur in some occupations although few quantitative exposure data were located. Populations with the highest potential exposures appear to be workers employed in or persons living near industries and facilities that manufacture or use chloroform operators and individuals who live near municipal and industrial waste water treatment plants and incinerators, and paper and pulp plants and persons who derive their drinking water from groundwater sources contaminated with leachate from hazardous waste sites. 

Hexanone is released to water by industrial facilities and at hazardous waste sites. 2-Hexanone was detected in 2 of 3 effluents from coal gasification plants and in 1 of 2 effluents from oil shale processing plants at mean concentrations ranging from 7 to 202 ppb ( jg/L) (Pellizzarri et al. 1979). The compound has also been tentatively identified in 1 of 63 industrial effluents (Perry et al. 1979), the effluent from a chemical plant (Shackelford and Keith 1976), and in one municipal landfill leachate at 0.148 ppm (mg/L) in a study of leachates from 58 municipal and industrial landfills (Brown and Donnelly 1988). 

The only direct measurements of isophorone in soil were found for samples taken from hazardous waste sites. Ghassemi et al. (1984) found isophorone in leachates from hazardous waste landfills, and Hauser and Bromberg (1982) detected the presence of isophorone in the "sediment/soil/water" of Love Canal. These studies suggest that isophorone also was present in the soil. The Contract Laboratory Program Statistical Data Base (queried April 13, 1987) reported that isophorone has been detected at 4 of 357 hazardous waste sites at a concentration range of 1.68-6500 ppm. 

Diazinon has been identified in a variety of environmental media (surface water, leachate, groundwater, soil and sediment) collected at at least 18 of the 1,430 current or former EPA National Priorities (NPL) hazardous waste sites where diazinon was detected in some environmental media (HazDat 1996). 

Recall Problem 3.1. You are the boss of an analytical laboratory and, this time, you check the numbers from the analysis of chlorobenzene in water samples of very different origins, namely (a) moderately contaminated groundwater, (b) seawater ([salt]tot 0.5 M), (c) water from a brine ([salt]tot = 5.0 M), and (d) leachate of a hazardous-waste site containing 40% (v v) methanol. For all samples, your laboratory reports the same chlorobenzene concentration of 10 ng IT1. Again the sample flasks were unfortunately not completely filled. This time, the 1 L flasks were filled with 400 mL liquid, and stored at 25°C before analysis. What were the original concentrations (in /J,g-L l) of chlorobenzene in the four samples ... 

Krill and Sonzogni 1986 Otson 1987). Grosjean and wright (1983) detected acrolein, in combination with acetone, at a concentration of 0.05 ppt in rainwater collected in Los Angeles, CA however, these compounds were not detected in rainwater samples collected in four less densely populated sites in California. The Contract Laboratory Statistical Database reports that acrolein has been detected in water at 3 of 357 hazardous waste sites in the United States at mean concentrations ranging from 10.3-51,000 ppb (VIAR 1987). However, this database made no distinction between groundwater and surface water monitoring data. In the only report of acrolein occurrence in municipal landfill leachate, acrolein was detected at a concentration of 170 ppb in 1 of 5 leachate samples collected from sites in Wisconsin (Sabel and Clark 1984). 

There is a potential for release of benzene to water from hazardous waste sites. Benzene has been detected in groundwater samples collected at 686 of the 816 current and former NPL sites, in surface water samples collected at 172 of the 816 sites, and in leachate samples collected at 112 of the 816 sites where benzene has been detected in some medium (HazDat 1996). 

Mercury has been identified in surface water, groundwater, and leachate samples collected at 197, 395, and 58 sites, respectively, of the 714 NPL hazardous waste sites where it has been detected in some environmental media (HazDat 1998). 

Living in close proximity to hazardous waste sites and drinking water contaminated by leachates from these sites has been associated with numerous health problems, many of which have been discussed previously... 

EXPOSURE ROUTES inhalation of fumes percutaneous adsorption of liquid ingestion of contaminated drinking water skin contact eye contact effluents at sites where it is produced or used with other monochloronaphthalenes cooling water discharges leachates fi"om hazardous waste sites effluents from gaseous diffusion facilities and municipal waste incinerators pjTolysis of vinylidene chloride polymer... 

Di- -butyl phthalate may also be released into surface waters from industrial sources (Sheldon and Hites 1979), municipal waste water (Stubin et al. 1996), and leachate from sanitary landfills (EPA 1990a Kimnan et al. 1995). Di- -butyl phthalate has also been reportedly released to groundwater from a hazardous waste site (Eckel et al. 1993). 

An initial solute concentration must be selected for the application of solute transport models. An initial concentration for each solvent was based on the chemical composition of leachates from hazardous-waste sites. Where available, the largest reported concentration was used in the modeling efforts (Table 17.2.1). No published data were located for some of the solvents such as cyclohexanone. In such cases, the initial concentration was arbitrarily assigned as 1,000 mg/L or it was equated to the compound s solubility in water. Hexane, decane, and tetrahydofuran were not included in fliese studies. 

Environmental regulations dictate that landfills and surface impoundments for the disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste have liners (base, side-slope, and cover liners) and a leachate (contaminated water that emanates from a disposal site) collection and removal system in order to protect air, water, and land resources. Base and side-slopes of containments are lined with compacted clay or geomembrane (commonly HDPE) or both. Cover liners generally incorporate a foundation material overlain by a clay and/or geomembrane (commonly VLDPE which is more flexible than HDPE) liner. Geosynthetic clay liners may be used in place of clay. The leachate collection and removal system is... 

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