Lather volume

Lather Expert lather volume evaluation, U.S. Patent 6 846 787 [5]... 

Some tests, like lather volume, involved objective laboratory measurements. For example, a technician might produce lather by a prescribed washing procedure intended to consistently reproduce the same motions, and this lather volume would be measured in a graduated cylinder to give an objective measure [12], Other tests, like wet bar feel, required the subjective measurement of trained assessors. For example, the wet feel of a bar would be subjectively characterized as draggy or slippery by an expert panel of evaluators [13]. 

Recently, further developments have enabled better choices for formulators in selecting amino acid-related surfactants. Acylglycinate and acylalaninate make up the first class of this new anionic surfactant both give a creamy and resiliant foam as a primary surfactant and even as cosurfactant with other traditional anionics. They exhibit synergistic effects with soap for lathering volume and retention. After the use of acylglycinate and acylalaninate the skin feels clean and fresh without the tautness that soap produces. Various types of formulations, i.e., shampoo, facial cleanser, and body wash, can be prepared with the appropriate selection and combination of amino acid residue, fatty acid residue, and counterion [22]. 

Soap In-Use Properties and Recrystallization The soap bar in-use properties such as hardness, hydration and wear rate, mush layer and lather volume, etc., are influenced strongly not only by the crystalline phase structure (including the liquid crystalline phase) but also by the shape and size of the crystalline phases. These influences are strongly dependent on the formulations, the processing methods, i.e., high or low shear, and the processing temperatures. 

Lather volume depends upon the amount and the type of soap dissolved in the soap liquor during lathering. The mobility of the soap molecules, in addition to their surface properties, contributes to foaming. It is therefore possible that the soaps with very short chains (sodium caprylate and sodium caprate) may have an additional lather benefit. However, the proposed benefit should be restricted to low wash temperatures. The source of the short chain soaps is the coconut or palm kernel oil component of the fat charge. The amount of soap in solution in the wash liquor increases as the level of soluble soap in the bar increases. However, because the lather depends on the very short transient hydration period, it is the amount of soap which goes into solution over this period that is important. This amount also increases as the rates of dissolution of the solid soluble phases of the bar structure increase. 

Other bar properties are evaluated either by washing performance or by instrumental methods. These include lather volume, bar mush, dry cracking, wet cracking, bar feel during washdown, bar hardness, and foreign particulate matter in soap. The details of these measurements are illustrated in the Reference (44). 

Uses Emollient additive to toilet bar soap prods, for plasticity, bar texture, bar feel, moisture/perfume retention, pigment disp., skin-mildness, lather volume and lather creaminess prevents cracking of soap bar during use Properties Wh. powd. odorless si. hygroscopic Carbopol 1720 [Lubrizol Advanced Materials]... 

Noticing the effluent s 6-drop requirement against the standard of 28 drops to lather the same volume of hard water, the hardness of the effluent sample is 6/28 of that of the CaCl2 solution. The conversion to standard units per liter, assuming that each mole of CaCH is equivalent to 1 mol CaCC>3, is... 

Any suspended solid, the presence of which should be regarded with suspicion, is removed by filtration. The quantity of dissolved solid is determined by evaporating a measured volume to dryness. From a practical view-point, the portion of the dissolved solids which affects the behaviour of a water towards lathering when treated with soap, is of especial interest, these constituents producing the so-called hardness of a water. 

Consumer-acceptable lather requires the consideration of a variety of lathering attributes, such as the speed with which lather is generated, volume, quality (i.e., loose or creamy), and the stability of the lather. In general, the use of fatty acids of C10 C12 chain length provides a voluminous lacey foam and fatty acids of longer chain length, from C16 to Clg, contribute to a richer, creamier foam. 

Dissolve sodium lauryl sulfate, a surfactant with a detergent s amphiphilic properties, in water. (This compound creates lather in car washes, shampoos, bubble baths, etc.). We use it here because it does not have an odor of its own. Use 750-ml powder in 15 1 of warm water (or prepare a smaller volume). 

Fatty Acids. A large volume of coconut fatty acids are used as major components in toilet soap manufacture. Its high lauric content provides the quick lathering properties of toilet soap. 

The amount of a solution of soap of definite concentration which must be added to a definite volume of water before the mixture produces a lather on shaking, is taken as a measure of the hardness of water in water analysis. 

Place 50 ml of hot distilled water in a 250-ml glass-stoppered Pyrex Erlenmeyer flask and add 5.0 ml of the soap solution. With the temperature between 60 and 90°, titrate with the O.lM calcium chloride, stoppering the flask and shaking between drops, until the soap no longer forms a lather. If the lather disappears completely from the surface of the water within five seconds after shaking is stopped, it may be considered that the lathering power is destroyed. Repeat two or three times until you have consistent titrations. This volume of calcium chloride is the soap blank, to be subtracted from the subsequent titration volumes. 

In this experiment you will prepare temporarily hard water study some of the chemical properties of soft, temporarily hard, and permanently hard water and study various processes available for softening hard water. The hardness of different water samples will be tested quantitatively by determining the volume of soap solution that must be added to a given volume of water in order to obtain a lather. Moreover, hard water will be treated by several methods designed to soften it, and the treated water will be titrated with soap solution to test the effectiveness of the methods. A study of the hardness of water, the action of soaps, and methods for softening water will illustrate characteristic chemical reactions and important differences in solubilities of some compounds of alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals. In addition, you will become familiar with a laboratory preparation for and properties of carbon dioxide gas. 

Compare the volume of soap solution required to obtain a lather in your temporarily hard water with the volume required for soft water by repeating the procedure in part C with 25.0 mL of temporarily hard water. Record your data and what you conclude in TABLE 34.2. 

Allow the mixture to cool, pour it into a 25-mL or larger graduated cylinder, add enough distilled water to give a total volume of 25.0 mL, and then pour the mixture into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Don t be concerned about slight losses of solid. Compare the volume of soap solution required to obtain a lather in the boiled mixture with the volumes required for soft water and for temporarily hard water by repeating the procedure in part c with the boiled mixture. Record your data and what you conclude in TABLE 34.2. 

Soap Titration The fact that sufficient soap solution has to be added to precipitate all the hardness causing ions from a hard water sample before lather is formed is utilized in the determination of hardness. A. suitable aliquot of the hard water sample is taken in a stoppered flask and after successive additions of a soap solution (previously standardised by titration against standard hard water) from a burette, the mixture is vigorously shaken. The stage where the lather formed persists for 2-3 minutes is taken as the end-point of the titration. The hardness of the water sample is equivalent to the volume of the soap solution used minus lather factor (volume of soap solution used to produce lather with a volume of distilled water equal to the aliquot of the hard water sample). 

Features Exc. foam volume and lather characteristics mild to skin and easy to use Properties Gardner 3.0 max. opaque liq. mild odor sol. in water sp. gr. 1.0 vise. 

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