Hard water softening

The presence of Ga +, Mg , Fe , or Mn ions will impart hardness to water. Hardness is objectionable because (1) it causes precipitates (scale) to form in boilers and hot-water systems, (2) it causes soaps to form insoluble 

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A process called ion exchange is often used to soften hard water. The equilibrium reaction may be represented like this ... 

I S.16 I How does washing soda soften hard water See p. 61. 

Question 5.16 How Does Washing Soda Soften Hard Water ... 

The addition of washing soda to water has been recommended to accomplish a number of tasks, including softening hard water as well as improving the cleaning ability of a detergent. A simple chemical reaction contributes to the effectiveness of this substance. 

Cation exchange resins are mainly used in softening hard water by replacing Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in it by Na+ ions. They are also used in analytical and preparative chemistry. 

Anion exchangers are also used for softening hard water by removing undesirable anions. 

The addition of sodium carbonate also permanently softens hard water that contains calcium sulfate. As calcium ions form insoluble calcium carbonate to form soluble sodium sulfate, the calcium carbonate then sinks to the bottom. Sodium sulfate has no effect on the hardness of water. 

R. Gans Discovered that zeolites could be used to soften hard water. He also invented processes for synthesizing zeolites and designed the equipment—the zeolite water softener— used for the recovery of gold from sea water. 1905... 

Make a list of the main methods of softening hard water. 

Examine the causes and effects of water hardness. Considered several methods for softening hard water. 

Slaked lime is also widely used in water treatment plants for softening hard water, which involves the removal of ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, ions that hamper the action of detergents. The softening method most often used in water treatment plants is the lime-soda process, in which lime (CaO) and soda ash (Na2C03) are added to the water. As we will see in more detail later in this chapter, the C032- ion from soda ash reacts with water to produce the HC03 ion. When the lime is added to the hard water, it forms slaked lime,... 

Discuss the hardness of ground water in a limestone region, in terms of the pH of the water. Describe and explain the method of softening hard water with temporary hardness by the use of calcium hydroxide. 

Many households soften hard water using ion exchange resins. These resins replace the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions with smaller cations such as Na+ and H+. 

Inorganic zeolites (synthetic or naturally occurring aluminosilicates) later found widespread application in softening hard water, i.e., removal of dissolved polyvalent cations, principally calcium and magnesium, through exchange with sodium. 

To the remainder of the original solution add ammonium hydroxide until an excess is present, as indicated by the odor. (14) What was precipitated (15) Write an equation for the reaction. Filter, add 5 c.c. of soap solution and shake. (16) Was the water softened by the addition of the ammonium hydroxide (17) What is the evidence (18) What other compounds act as the calcium acid carbonate has in these experiments (19) Write an equation to show why lime is used in the industries to soften hard water. 

Slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, is used to soften hard water by removing calcium ions from hard water through the reaction... 

Slaked lime is also widely used in water treatment plants for softening hard water, which involves the removal of ions such as Ca " and ions... 

PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT Study some chemical properties some ways for softening hard water. 

In this experiment you will prepare temporarily hard water study some of the chemical properties of soft, temporarily hard, and permanently hard water and study various processes available for softening hard water. The hardness of different water samples will be tested quantitatively by determining the volume of soap solution that must be added to a given volume of water in order to obtain a lather. Moreover, hard water will be treated by several methods designed to soften it, and the treated water will be titrated with soap solution to test the effectiveness of the methods. A study of the hardness of water, the action of soaps, and methods for softening water will illustrate characteristic chemical reactions and important differences in solubilities of some compounds of alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals. In addition, you will become familiar with a laboratory preparation for and properties of carbon dioxide gas. 

Borax is commonly used as a pesticide and fungicide. It s made of sodium borate (NaB02), but it s most often found as the hydrated compound, Na2B407 IOH2O. It can also be used as a cleaning agent, or to soften hard water. 

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