Larix spp

The water-extractable arabinogalactans are most abundant in the larches (Larix spp.). The most extensively studied has been that of the heartwood of the western larch Larix occidentalis). The source, production, properties, and potential uses of this polysaccharide are reviewed in Chap. 10.2.2. 

Melia azedarach Abies alba Juniperus communis Larix spp. 

Arabinogalactan occurs in high concentration (5% to 35%, dry weight basis) in the heartwood of many species of Larix, a deciduous conifer native to the temperate and subarctic zones of the Northern Hemisphere in fact, the presence of this water-soluble, easily extractable polysaccharide is characteristic of Larix spp. Larch arabinogalactan will accumulate in masses under the bark as a result of injuries however, this supply is limited and its collection is difficult. 

McAfee, B.J., E.E. White, L.E. Pelcher and M.S. Lapp. 1993. Root induction in pine (Pinus) and larch (Larix) spp. using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult. 34 53-62. 

Stipanicic, A. 1975. L amelioration du genre meleze Larix spp.) au service de la recherche du Ministere des Terres et Forets du Quebec, Memoire No. 20. 37 pp. 

The plants that exude diterpenoid resins belong to the order of conifers. Pine resins (from the Firms genus), Strasburg turpentine (from the Abies genus), Venice turpentine (from Larix decidua) were extracted from Pinaceae. Sandarac, juniper and cypress resins were extracted from trees of the Cupressaceae family Tetraclinis articulata, Juniperus spp. and Cupressus semprevirens, respectively. Moreover, labdanum resin from the Cistaceae family (Cistus spp.) also belongs to the diterpenoid resins. 

Angelica (Apiaceae), Scorzonera hispanka (Asteraceae), Symphytum (Boraginaceae), Beta (Chenopodiaceae), Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae), Asparagus (Liliaceae), Fraxinus (Oleaceae), Abies, Larix (Pinaceae), Citrus (Rutaceae) spp. 

C12H22O11 342.299 Structural unit in the glucomannans of plant hemicelluloses. Isol. from the partial acid hydrolysates of the glucomannans from Amorphophallus spp., white spruce (Pinus glauca), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), red maple (Acer rubrum), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), larch (Larix decidua), jack pine (Pinus bank-siana) and from Narcissus tazetta from hemicelluloses of lobolly pine (Pinus taeda) and in trace amounts from the acetolysates of the a-celluloses from white birch (Betula papyrifera) and slash pine... 

Among the less conmum Cg—C2 compounds, phenolic ketones have occasionally been found as plant constituents. Picein (IV) the main component of all investigated spruce needles (Picea abies (L.) Karst), also occurs in Larix decidua Mill., Populus balsandfera, and Salix spp. p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid occurs free and as a glucoside in bamboo shoots. Xanthoxylin, a phloroacetophenone derivative, has been found in Xanthoxylum spp. [42,46-48]. 

D-Galactose has been found in Siberian larch Larix sibirica) wood (28), the spring sap of birches Betula spp.) (103, 149), the xylem of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris) (27), and red beech Fagus sylvatica) sap (150). D-Mannose has been found in saps (149, 150). Both may be more widespread than indicated. 

In the woods of Pinus, Picea, and Larix genera and Pseudotsuga menziesii, the resin is contained in resin canals (which are absent from hardwoods, Tsuga, and Abies spp.) and, as well, in the parenchyma cells. Depending on whether the... 

The leather-tanning industry of India used about 120000 tons of assorted vegetable tannins in 1970 (203). India imported about 25000 tons of wattle extracts to supplement domestically available tannins such as myrobalan nut tannins (3500 tons/year) and wattle tannins (2000 tons per year). Vegetable tannins (primarily mixtures of chestnut, wattle, and quebracho tannins) are also used widely in Italy (173). In the Peoples Republic of China, much of the leather manufactured is made using vegetable tannins. Research efforts are being accelerated on the use of tannins from indigenous plants such as Larix and Firms spp. (Sun and Foo, personal communication 1986). 

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