Birch, white

Chernayeva, G. N., Dolgodvorova, S., and Peryshkina, Y. (1982). Seasonal dynamics of tannin content in European white birch bark. RastitielniiResurci 18,63-66. 

Laitinen, M.-L., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., and Rousi, M., Foliar phenolic composition of European white birch during bud unfolding and leaf development. Physiol. Plant., 114, 450, 2002. 

Ozonization of lignin forms derivatives of muconic acid that have the unique chemical structure of conjugated double bonds with two carboxyl groups. These derivatives have great potential for chemical modification. The ozonized lignin of white birch was soluble in epoxy resin at 120°C, and the free carboxyl groups were found to react with epoxide. This paper discusses developmental work on the preparation of pre-reacted ozonized lignin/epoxy resins the dynamic mechanical properties of cured resins and preliminary results of the application of these resins as wood adhesives. 

The lignin isolated from white birch after steaming was ozonized. The ozonized lignin was soluble in epoxy resins at 120°C. It was also found that free carboxyl groups (introduced by ozonization) react with epoxide only by heating. Previous developmental work on the blending of lignin with epoxy resin has been reported by Ball and his co-workers (3). They synthesized... 

Isolation and Ozonization of Lignin. The wood meal of white birch (Be-tula papyrifera Marsh.) was steamed for 15 min at 180°C, and extracted with water at 60°C, followed by extraction with methanol as shown in Figure 2. The methanol-soluble part was dried under vacuum after removal of methanol. The yield of methanol extract was 75% based on the amount of lignin present in the original wood. 

Betula mandshurica (Regel) Nakai B. platyphylla Suk. Bai Hua (White birch tree) (bark, tree sap) Betuloside, betulafolienetriol, betulafolienetetraol, betulin.48-50 Anticancer, mammary carcinoma. 

Johnson, D., and Hale, B. (2004). White birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) foliar litter decomposition in relation to trace metal atmospheric inputs at metal-contaminated and uncontaminated sites near Sudbury, Ontario and Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada. Environ. Poll. 127, 65-72. 

Kitao M. Lei T.T. Koike T. Kayama M. Tobita H. and Maruyama Y. (2007). Interaction of drought and elevated C02 on photosynthetic down-regulation and susceptibility to photoinhibition in Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) seedlings grown under limited N availability. Tree Physiology, 27, 727-735. 

Cirelli, D., Jagels, R., and Tyree, M. T. (2008). Towards an improved model of maple sap exudation The location and role of osmotic barriers in sugar maple, butternut and white birch. Tree Physiol. 28,1145-1155. 

TABLE 4-5. Distribution of Lignin in Birch (White Birch, Betula papyrifera) Xylem ... 

Table 4.4.2. The distribution of lignin in white birch as determined by TEM EDXA coupled with UV microscopy (Saka and Goring 1988)...

Table 4 4 2 shows the experimental data for Br-Ka X-ray counts (I), UV absorbance (A) and the distribution of lignin for different morphological regions of white birch (Betula papyrifera) wood Because of the limited resolution of UV microscopy, the UV absorbance of the S, S3 layers and the middle lamella between cell corners (ML) cannot be measured Instead, the guaiacyl/syringyl ratios are assumed to be the same as in the S2 layer and the cell corner middle lamella (CC), respectively... 

For white birch (Belula papyrifera), the results obtained by the bromination-EDXA combined with UV technique (Saka et al. 1988, Saka and Goring 1988) confirm, in general, the previous data obtained by UV microscopy alone (Fergus and Goring 1970a,b). This agreement indicates that any errors caused by specimen degradation in the electron beam were small (Mary et al. 1986). However, some discrepancies are found for the middle lamella and the ray parenchyma. 

Nakano et al. [404] observed that approximately 90% of an acid hydrolysis lignin residue from white birch became soluble after treatment with 3% sodium sulfite at 2(X)°C. Reactivity of the hydrolysis lignin was improved by milling, which was assumed to increase accessibility, and may also induce some chemical degradation. 

Berg B. and Staaf H. (1987) Release of nutrients from decomposing white birch leaves and Scots pine needle litter. Pedobiologia 30(1), 55-63. 

Pig. 72.—White birch Betula populifolia) Portion of a branch showing the prominent lenticels. (Gager.)... 

Ailanthus glandulosus Desf./Tree of heaven Alnus glutinosa Medic./European alder Ammodendron conollyi Bel./Sandy acacia Arbutus andrache L./Strawberry tree Betula dahurica Pall./Dahurian birch Betula mandshurika Nakai/Manchurian white birch... 

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