Leaching, landfills

Sulfamethazine/ Sulfadimidine H2N-< >-S02NH— Veterinary medicine Aquaculture Human medicine - High concentrations in landfill leaches in Denmark [4,5] - US streams 0.22 pg L-1 [20] - GW in Germany 10-100 pg L-1 [21] Non degradable in sewage treatment... 

Sulfathiazole HjN——SOjNH— Veterinary medicine Human medicine - Denmark landfill leaches 0.04-6.47 mg L"1 [5] Non degradable in sewage treatment... 

Environmental Controls in Production. Environmental permit requirements should be evaluated based on the commercial-scale material balance and new equipment specifications. Testing requirements for environmental evaluation should include acute fish and invertebrate toxicity for raw materials, intermediates, and products biodegradation of raw materials, intermediates, and products microbial growth inhibition of raw materials, intermediates, and products water coefficients (KOW) and water solubility for raw materials, intermediates, and products and waste treatability test results. Particular emphasis should be placed on the evaluation of the compatibility of the new process waste streams with the existing waste-treatment systems. If any process waste streams require off-site disposal into regulated hazardous waste landfills, leaching experiments may also be required. 

Maw-Rong Lee, Yao-Chia Yeh, Wei-Shin Hsiang and Bao-Huey Hwang Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for determining chlorophenols from landfill leaches and soil Journal of Chromatography 806 (2) 15 May 1998 317-324. 

The analysis of landfill effluents collected in Finland and Norway resulted in a maximum concentration observed for PFC of 1,537 ng/L [34]. In landfill effluents from 22 sites in Germany, a maximum concentration of EPFC of 13,000 ng/L was observed [29]. Although effluents of modem landfills are often collected and treated nowadays, many former landfills leach percolate water to groundwater aquifers and are a potential source of PFCs to drinking water wells. It might be reasonable to assume that the concentrations leached into the environment would have been in the same order of magnitude as encountered in collected leachate. 

The amount of a metal present in paint is not necessarily the amount that will leach out when the contaminated blasting media and paint has been placed in a landfill [1-3]. The rate at which a toxic metal leaches out depends on many factors. At first, leaching comes from the surface of the paint particles. The initial rate, therefore, depends most on the particle size of the pulverized paint. This in turn depends on the condition of the paint to be removed, the type of abrasive used, and the blasting process used [4]. Eventually, as the polymeric backbone of the paint breaks down in a landfill, leaching comes from the bulk of the disintegrating paint particles. The rate at which this happens depends more on the type of resin used in formulating the paint and its chemistry in the enviromnent of the landfill. 

Systematic-judgmental sampling scheme for monitoring the leaching of pollutants from a landfill. Sites where samples are collected are represented by the solid dots. 

LLDPE can be disposed of by landfill or incineration. In landfill, the material is completely inert, degrades very slowly, does not produce gas, and does not leach any pollutants into ground water. When incinerated in commercial or municipal faciHties, LLDPE produces a large amount of heat (the same as heating fuel) and should constitute less than 10% of the total trash. 

The finer soil fraction contains adsorbed organics, small metallic particles, and bound ionic metals. This fraction may be treated further to remove the contaminants, or it may be incinerated or landfilled. The "clean" coarse fraction may contain some residual metallic fragments. With metal contamination, both the fine and coarse soil fractions may be leached with an acid solution to remove the metals. 

Leaching is 90—95% complete as the soflds exit in the underflow of the first clarifier. Final washing of the soflds (mud) using fresh water takes place in a rotary filter from whence the mud, consisting of 65% H2O, 10—15% BaSO and siUcates, and 10—15% coke, is deflvered to landfill at an approved site. 

Often, the immobilized product has a structural strength sufficient to prevent fracturing over time. Solidification accomplishes the objective by changing a non-solid waste material into a solid, monolithic structure that ideally will not permit liquids to percolate into or leach materials out of the mass. Stabilization, on the other hand, binds the hazardous constituents into an insoluble matrix or changes the hazardous constituent to an insoluble form. Other objectives of solidiflcation/stabilization processes are to improve handling of the waste and pri uce a stable solid (no free liquid) for subsequent use as a construction material or for landfilling. 

Benzene zero 0.005 Anemia decrease in blood platelets increased risk of cancer Discharge from factories leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills... 

Styrene 0.1 0.1 Liver, kidney, and circulatory problems Discharge from rubber and plastic factories leaching from landfills... 

Geomembrane These liners chiefly provide impermeable barriers. They can be characterized as (1) solid waste containment hazardous landfill, landfill capping, and sanitary landfill (2) liquid containment canal, chemical/brine pond, earthen dam, fish farm, river/coastal bank, waste-water, and recreation (3) mining, leach pad and tailing ponds and (4) specialties floating reservoir caps, secondary containment, tunnel, erosion, vapor barrier, and water purification. Plastics used include medium to very low density PE, PVC, and chlorosulfonated PE (CSPE). (The Romans used in their land and road constructions what we call geomembrane.)... 

Carrying out research to facilitate multimedia, multispecies approaches to waste management. Acid rain and the leaching of hazardous chemicals from landfills demonstrate the mobility of chemicals from one medium (e.g., air, water, or soil) to another. 

Concentrations found in leachate do not necessarily represent the concentrations that would be foimd in the wider environment. Landfill leachate may be treated using on-site water treatment facilities, it may be disposed of directly to the municipal sewer, or, in some cases — for older facilities — it may leach directly out of the landfill into the environment. Even in the latter case, there will be a significant dilution of the landfill leachate upon entering the environment. Resulting environmental concentrations are, therefore, likely to be significantly lower than those reported above. 

The synthesis gas is mainly used for the production of methanol (70%). Another part (20%) is used for electricity production. Waste gas products are incinerated the fate of any chlorine is not clear from the various descriptions available. Inorganic materials are converted into a slag, with low leaching characteristics (landfill class 1 according to the German TA Siedlungsabfall). 

Waste minerals and chemicals Caused by leaching of mineral and chemical waste heaps and landfills. Can cause enormous damage. 

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