Lamp, miners

Ethyne was burned in carbide lamp (miners headlamp). 

Alternative methods others than liquid chromatography have also been suggested. Parlar et al. used photo dechlorination reactions to eliminate interfering compounds [143]. Irradiation at 254 nm with low-pressure-mercury lamps mineralized quantitatively PCBs and further organochlorines within 30 min, while toxaphene was only partly degraded [8],... 

The Calcium Halophosphate Phosphors. Early fluorescent lamps used various combinations of naturally occurring fluorescent minerals. The development of the calcium halophosphate phosphor, Ca (P0 2(Cl, F) Sb ", Mn, in the 1940s was a significant breakthrough in fluorescent lighting (7). As is often the case in new phosphor discoveries, this phosphor was found accidentally while searching for phosphors for radar screens. 

Also in 1815, but before Davy presented his first lamp to the public, George Stephenson (one of the pioneers in the development of the steam locomotive) quite independently was also working on a safe miner s lamp. He discovered during his experiments that flame produced by a particular gas at a given concentration will not pass through a tube smaller than a certain diameter. While most people have heard of Davy s lamp (it seems that Sir Humphrey received all the credit), it was actually Stephenson s discov-... 

The chronology of the most remarkable contributions to combustion in the early stages of its development is as follows. In 1815, Sir Humphry Davy developed the miner s safety lamp. In 1826, Michael Faraday gave a series of lectures and wrote The Chemical History of Candle. In 1855, Robert Bunsen developed his premixed gas burner and measured flame temperatures and flame speed. Francois-Ernest Mallard and Emile Le Chatelier studied flame propagation and proposed the first flame structure theory in 1883. At the same time, the first evidence of detonation was discovered in 1879-1881 by Marcellin Berthelot and Paul Vieille this was immediately confirmed in 1881 by Mallard and Le Chatelier. In 1899-1905, David Chapman and Emile Jouguet developed the theory of deflagration and detonation and calculated the speed of detonation. In 1900, Paul Vieille provided the physical explanation of detonation... 

Romans mined the mineral cinnabar (HgS) from deposits in Spain 2000 years ago, and in the sixteenth century the Spanish shipped mercury obtained from the same ore deposits to the Americas for the extraction of silver. Mercury is an important component of street lamps and fluorescent lights. It is used in thermometers and barometers and in gas-pressure regulators, electrical switches, and electrodes. 

Soft, silvery metal, very reactive. Reacts vigorously with water and air, must be stored under paraffin oil. Used in industry as a strong reducing agent. Reacts with equally aggressive chlorine to form harmless salt known to be essential to life. As all life stemmed from the sea, all life forms require sodium ions, for example, for the conduction of the nerves and for humans to think. In humans (70 kg), 100 g of sodium can be found (as ions). Easy detection makes flames yellow. Used in yellow lamps for street lighting. Sodium ions are widespread, for example, in glass, soap, mineral water, etc. 

Halmann and Aurian-Blajeni115 also examined C02 reduction by irradiation either with sunlight or a high-pressure Hg lamp of aqueous suspensions of various oxide semiconductors (i.e., Ti02, Fe203, W03, ZnO, and nontronite, an ion-containing clay mineral). 

There are new ideas and experiments on the rTCA cycle. A group from Harvard University studied some reaction steps in the rTCA cycle which were kept going by mineral photochemistry. The authors assumed that solar UV radiation can excite electrons in minerals, and that this energy is sufficient to initiate the corresponding reaction steps. In this photocatalytic process, semiconductor particles were suspended in water in the presence of a zinc sulphide colloid (sphalerite) the experiments were carried out in a 500 mL reaction vessel at 288 K. Irradiation involved a UV immersion lamp (200-410 nm) in the photoreactor. Five reactions out of a total of 11 in the rTCA cycle were chosen to check the hypothesis ... 

Rubbing alcohol Lamp oil Note Color the lamp oil and rubbing alcohol with food dyes Molasses Antifreeze Ivory liquid (white) Palmolive liquid (green) T TM Joy Dawn (blue) Mineral oil All layers, except the mineral oil, can be colored with a drop or two of food coloring... 

Mineral oil the older term for petroleum the term was introduced in the nineteenth century as a means of differentiating petroleum (rock oil) from whale oil or oil from plants that, at the time, were the predominant illuminant for oil lamps. 

Photolytic. The major photolysis and hydrolysis products identified in distilled water were pentachlorocyclopentenone and hexachlorocyclopentenone. In mineralized water, the products identified include cis- and /ra/3s-pentachlorobutadiene, tetrachlorobutenyne, and pentachloro-pentadienoic acid (Chou and Griffin, 1983). In a similar experiment, irradiation of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in water by mercury-vapor lamps resulted in the formation of 2,3,4,4,5-pentachloro-2-cyclopentenone. This compound hydrolyzed partially to hexachloroindenone (Butz et ah, 1982). Other photodegradation products identified include hexachloro-2-cyclopentenone and hexachloro-3-cyclopentenone as major products. Secondary photodegradation products reported include pentachloro-as-2,4-pentadienoic acid, Z- and A-pentachlorobutadiene, and tetrachloro-butyne (Chou et ah, 1987). In natural surface waters, direct photolysis of hexachlorobutadiene via sunlight results in a half-life of 10.7 min (Wolfe et al, 1982). 

Photolytic. A -nitrosodimethylamine absorbs UV at 228 nm. An enhanced oxidation process equipped with UV lamps (195 to 240 nm), mineralized >99.9 % of Amitrosodimethylamine in water to concentrations <0.25 pg/L (Smith, 1992). A Teflon bag containing air and A-nitrosodimethylamine was subjected to sunlight on two different days. On a cloudy day, half of the A-nitrosodimethylamine was photolyzed in 60 min. On a sunny day, half of the A-nitrosodimethylamine was photolyzed in 30 min. Photolysis products include nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and an unidentified compound (Hanst et al, 1977). 

Calcium carbide (CaC ) has a garlic-like odor and reacts with water to form acetylene gas plus calcium hydroxide and heat. In the past, it was used in miners lamps to continuously produce a small acetylene flame to provide some illumination in coal mines. 

Alchemists in the early Middle Ages knew about some barium minerals. Smooth round pebble-like stones found in Bologna, Italy, were known as Bologna stones. When these odd stones were exposed to sunlight, or even a primitive reading lamp, they would continue to glow for several years. This characteristic made them attractive to witches as well as the alchemists. These stones are actually the mineral barite, barium sulfide (BaSO ), which today is a major source of barium metal. 

Occurrences in the United States were known as early as 1698 with numerous finds along Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania (Frondel, 1988). The celebrated purse made from asbestos that Benjamin Franklin took to London in 1724, and which now resides in the British Museum of Natural History, may have been made of long-fiber asbestos from Newbury, Massachusetts. As a journeyman printer, Franklin made paper from asbestos, as did many Europeans. It was also used in making lamp wicks and cloth. Commercial mining in the United States took place some time after the first discovery of asbestos on Staten Island, New York, in 1818. (Asbestos continued to be mined at the site until 1876.) By 1825 more than seventy localities were known to produce asbestos in the United States (Robinson, 1825). However, as early as 1804 Jameson had recorded the mineralogy of the species and listed the numerous university, societal, and private mineral collections containing specimens of asbestos from U.S. localities and asbestos products of local manufacture. 

A convenient method is the spectrometric determination of Li in aqueous solution by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), using an acetylene flame—the most common technique for this analyte. The instrument has an emission lamp containing Li, and one of the spectral lines of the emission spectrum is chosen, according to the concentration of the sample, as shown in Table 2. The solution is fed by a nebuhzer into the flame and the absorption caused by the Li atoms in the sample is recorded and converted to a concentration aided by a calibration standard. Possible interference can be expected from alkali metal atoms, for example, airborne trace impurities, that ionize in the flame. These effects are canceled by adding 2000 mg of K per hter of sample matrix. The method covers a wide range of concentrations, from trace analysis at about 20 xg L to brines at about 32 g L as summarized in Table 2. Organic samples have to be mineralized and the inorganic residue dissolved in water. The AAS method for determination of Li in biomedical applications has been reviewed . 

This was first burned for miners lamps, but acetylene was soon recognized as a valuable chemical intermediate. [Recall that Union Carbide started as a company that produced acetylene from CaC.]... 

Uranium dioxide occcurs in nature as mineral uraninite. It is used in nuclear fuel rods for reactors. Also it is used in large incandescent lamps for photography or motion pictures and is connected to the tungsten filaments to prevent sudden surges of current. 

---