Laboratory experimental program

For agitated vessels, it is most important that the proper laboratory experimental program be implemented so that effective scale-up is accomplished. A more complete and comprehensive discussion (than the discussion presented here) of the proper laboratory experimental program is given by Penney and Fasano (1991). The key features of the recommended experimental program are ... 

During the 1990s, the Twenty First Century Corporation in a joint venture with RPC Inc. carried out an extensive laboratory experimental program aimed at the development of a new oxidation technology. The core of the technology is the design... 

Reddy and Maturi (2005) examined the feasibility of using electrokinetic remediation for the removal of mixed contaminants (i.e. mixtures of heavy metals and PAHs) from kaolin (low permeability soU). Likewise, different types of flushing solution were evaluated by a laboratory experimental program, including a cosolvent (n-butylamine), surfactants (3% Tween 80 and 5% Igepal CA-720), and a cyclodextrin (10% hydroxypropyl-j8-cyclodextrin or HPCD). It was reported that... 

A comparable laboratory experimental program was conducted on a contaminated sediment at an Indiana harbor. The sediment, having a high organic content of 19% and high moisture content of 78%, was contaminated with PAHs and heavy metals. The same flushing solutions as those used by Reddy and Maturi (2005) were employed. The results obtained showed that... 

The results of typical tests of the comprehensive laboratory experimental program carried out on the BLADE shaking table are discussed hereafter, with the aim of investigating some particular aspects of seismic SPSI. 

Development of this reaction system was then focused on the crystallization. A laboratory experimental program established the following ... 

It follows that, in order to provide a reliable and balanced investigation, it is preferable to combine the theoretical calculations with an experimental program and, hopefully, they will correlate. Fortunately, laboratory CVD experiments are relatively easy to design and carry out they do not require expensive equipment and results can usually be obtained quickly and reliably. 

Dove was launched in 1955 reaching a US market share of almost 3% by tonnage sold [1], This chapter will review the set of product and process attributes that were identified as critical to a successful launch for Dove , the laboratory techniques that were used to assess these properties, and the experimental program that identified the actual composition [6],... 

The many laboratories involved in this work allowed a large experimental program to be set up to test the behavior of these soft donor extractants in countercurrent separations. The trivalent actinide-lanthanide separation process was named SANEX and four chemical systems have been explored (Fig. 12.20) ... 

Well-designed, appropriate experimental strategies will greatly enhance the effectiveness of a laboratory testing program. Statistically derived experimental strategies developed over recent decades provide the following benefits ... 

As stated at the outset, this paper is intended to provide a historical overview and some insight as to the types of operations, procedures and equipment used in the Army s Demilitarization Program for Chemical Munitions. In each of the areas discussed there has been a considerable amount of study, laboratory experimentation and pilot testing accomplished to define the specific design criteria. 

The Bayh-Dole and Stevenson-Wydler acts of 1980 created new incentives for universities and federal laboratories to work with industry on R D and technology transfer. Stevenson-Wydler also authorized NSF s experimental program in University-Industry Cooperative Research Centers and gave the Department of Commerce the authority (never exercised) to fund Cooperative Technology Centers to help industry with research. The National Cooperative Research Act of 1984 provided a safe haven for industrial research consortia to help them avoid challenge under the antitrust statutes. 

Reactor studies were done in the Catalyst Laboratory at the R D Center of Phillips Petroleum Company in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. More detailed descriptions of the hydroprocessing reactor system and experimental program are given elsewhere (ref, 14,15). The catalyst is laboratory-impregnated Ni-Mo on a commercial 0.156 cm diameter alumina extrudate support provided by Ketjen. The feeds are partially hydrotreated residua from Hondo, Oriente, and Cano Limon crude oils. Asphaltenes were precipitated with a 40 to 1 ratio of n-pentane to oil. Residual oil and hydrogen are pumped upflow through a thermal zone... 

In teaching science, a continuing area of concern to educators has been the problem of integrating laboratory experimentation with instruction in scientific theory. The need to individualise course content for students is also recognised. Programmed instruction may offer one solution to both of these difficulties. 

If the science curriculum can be programmed so that individual rates could be dealt with more effectively, and if laboratory material can be developed which enable students to conduct experiments effectively on an independent basis, laboratory experimentation may be integrated more satisfactorily into the typical science course. 

On the basis of this evidence, it is recommended that an experimental test program, consisting of both laboratory and field tests, be developed and Implemented to quantitatively measure the effects of acid deposition on both the as thetic and structural properties of PCC structures. It is, however, recommended that a preliminary series of controlled, accelerated laboratory tests be carried out before a full-scale field evaluation program is instituted. The objectives of the accelerated laboratory test program should be to identify the magnitude of the problem and to attempt to differentiate between the effects of wet deposition, dry deposition, and normal weathering. The preliminary test program should concentrate on surface chemistry effects and penetration rates of SO4, NOx, Cl as deposited from wet and dry deposition. The... 

In teaching science, a continuing area of concern to educators has been the problem of integrating laboratory experimentation with instruction in scientific theory. The need to individualize course content for students is also recognized. Programmed instruction may offer one solution to both of these difficulties. If the science curriculum can be programmed so that individual rates could be dealt with more effectively, and if laboratory material can be developed which enable students to conduct experiments effectively on an independent basis, laboratory experi mentation may be integrated more satisfactorily into the typical science course. 

Early work demonstrated fairly quickly that stable work processes were needed for the methodology to work. This meant that for new materials to be made the synthesis steps needed to be stable and reliable for automation. The normal tinkering that was common in traditional serial laboratory experimentation would not work in pre-programmed hardware. Materials could be made rapidly if each step of the synthesis could be counted on to give good yields of desired products. Thus, the synthesis of polypeptides was an ideal place to start since by just changing the starting amino acid in each step-wise addition of monomer whole new polypeptide sequences could be produced. 

This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office of Oil, Gas, and Shale Technologies of the U. S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE—AC03—76FS00098 to the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California. P. Persoff provided invaluable assistance for the experimental program. 

Gas samples from the reactor were analyzed by mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography and conversions of sulfur dioxide to sulfur vapor were computed from the combined analytical data. In this large-scale test program, effects on catalyst loading of a number of variables were examined in detail. While the laboratory experimentation had been quite extensive, operation of a pilot plant was considered necessary to permit scale-up of the process to the 200-300 ton/day plants conceivably required in the future. 

RFS has shown itself to be a valuable additional tool to military oil analysis programs. However, it started in industrial applications and continues to provide rapid and valuable information for in-house and commercial laboratories. Experimental data from military application and a commercial case history will be reviewed in this section. 

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