Laboratory computer

Equation-of-state measurements add to the scientific database, and contribute toward an understanding of the dynamic phenomena which control the outcome of shock events. Computer calculations simulating shock events are extremely important because many events of interest cannot be subjected to test in the laboratory. Computer solutions are based largely on equation-of-state models obtained from shock-wave experiments which can be done in the laboratory. Thus, one of the main practical purposes of prompt instrumentation is to provide experimental information for the construction of accurate equation-of-state models for computer calculations. 

N. Binsted, EXCURV98 CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory computer program, 1998. 

The immense growth in the luminescence literature during the period between these two reviews had little to do with developments in fundamental theory. It was mainly due to the availability of new instrumentation, such as the photomultiplier (around 1950), the laser (around 1960), transistor and microcircuit electronics (around 1970), and ready access to laboratory computers (around 1975). All aspects of luminescence theory now being used to interpret luminescence measurements have been known since the early 1900 s and nearly all of the types of measurements now being made had been initiated with cruder techniques by 1930. We discuss here many of the latest techniques in luminescence analysis with selected highlights from the historical development of luminescence and a look at several recent developments in luminescence applications that appear likely to be important to future research. 

An example of this third solution is presented in this paper which shows how it is possible to achieve supercomputer speeds from a low cost laboratory computer. By placing the task on a local lab computer, it is now also possible to develop reasonable interactive molecular modelling tools which utilize energies and forces in real time. 

Laboratory Computer Networks", S. A. Borman, Analytical Chemistry. 56, 413A (1984). 

Since the data base for this Instrument resides on the host HP 1000 computer, the experiment setup files must first be transferred from the local computer to the HOST computer. This 1s done using the Dowell Schlumberger local laboratory computer network and the Hewlett Packard DS/1000-IV networking software. The programmatic user interface to the network Is again accessed through the main menu program for the instrument. 

Our laboratory data processing system is known as STRIDE (System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence). It is now in its third year of operation. In 1974, we will be installing in each laboratory computer terminals connected to the main computer in Washington. Every piece of evidence analyzed is entered into the system. The type of information includes the subject s name where the purchase or seizure was made the amount of money expended the suspected drug what the drug was found to bfe the purity of the drug and what excipients and adulterants were present. 

Increases in processor speeds and storage capacity allowed these system to acquire and process data rapidly. Many fourth-generation systems became nodes in laboratory computer UMS networks. They communicate with host computers to receive instructions for analyses and for transferring results. Programs and values of parameters for specific analytical methods can be stored in memory and recalled by the analyst as needed. While the analyst found interaction with these systems easier, he or she became further removed from the system components and often more dependent on the vendor s software. Tailoring requirements to individual user requirements was often not viable with this approach. 

The reaction set was numerically modeled using the computer program CHEMK (9) written by G. Z. Whitten and J. P. Meyer and modified by A. Baldwin of SRI to run on a MINC laboratory computer. CHEMK numerically Integrates a defined set of chemical rate equations to reproduce chemical concentration as a function of time. Equilibria can be modeled by Including forward and reverse reaction steps. Forward and reverse reaction rate... 

The filter version of the method is a truly continuous process, as opposed to the batch process that the iterative representation implies. Furthermore, no approximation is necessary in deriving the filter version. The output of the filter is precisely the same as that of the basic iterative constrained software method. Bearing in mind that only a modest lag results, one may think of it as a real-time implementation. In an alternative approach, a laboratory computer might apply a purely software version of this filter to spectra continuously as data are acquired. The filter may also be packaged in firmware as part of a microprocessor-based instrument. Other applications also suggest themselves. 

In the analytical chemistry field, there is increasing emphasis on automation of the laboratory. In many cases implementation of automation is limited to the installation of a laboratory computer which assists in laboratory management, sample flow and... 

D. Feller and K. A. Peterson,/. Chem. Phys., 108, 154 (1998). An Examination of Intrinsic Errors in Electronic Structure Methods Using the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Computational Results Database and the Gaussian-2 Set. 

GORENSEK, Maximilian B. Savannah River National Laboratory Computational Sciences Directorate 773-42A, Rm. 136 Aiken, SC 29808 Tel +1803 725 1314 Fax +1803 725 8829 Eml maximilian.gorensek srnl.doe.gov... 

D. E. Amos, Sandia National Laboratories, Computer routine library—slatec/Complex Airy and subsidiary routines. 

Fig. 4. Two generations of laboratory computers on the left, the LINC from 1962 and on the right the MINC from 1978. Although the M1NC is about a quarter of the size of the LINC it contains sixteen times as much memory, as well as a far more powerful processor. (Reproduced by courtesy of Digital Equipment Co.)...

The information and data presented in this book are not intended to be used as a substitute for more up-to-date and accurate information on the specific plastics and processes. Such specific details can be obtained from in-house sources, testing laboratories, computer databases, material suppliers, data/information sources, consultants, and various institutions. References in this book represent examples for additional sources of plastics and processes. 

In ferrous metallurgy analysis, where AAS is used as a special procedure for special analyses, direct coupling is not profitable [ 58J. To install a spectrometer controlled by a computer, analysis of a far larger number of samples or possible problems would be necessary. The ratio of computer location to frequency of use would be very unfavourable and would increase the cost of the individual analysis. It is more useful to feed the analytical data, issued by the microprocessor and printed by an automatic printer, to the laboratory computer via an off-line system which would then include the data among that from on-line analytical systems. 

IR Spectroscopy. Samples for IR spectroscopy were prepared by pressing 100-mg KBr pellets containing 1 mg of sample. Samples were run both on a Perkin-Elmer model 167 dispersive (grating) instrument and on a Perkin-Elmer model 1750 Fourier transform diffractometer-model 7300 laboratory computer system. Only the latter instrument afforded the resolution needed to identify the skeletal frequencies of isopropyl groups. 

In our attempts to refine and standardize various phases of AAS analysis it has become quite apparent that scientific controls and standardization must be used throughout the entire spectrum of sample acquisition. This necessitates known and accepted sample collection procedures, beginning in the field (noting possible contamination factors) and continuing through the recording, laboratory, computation, and interpretive phases of analysis. 

It is important to realize that the list above refers to a relatively large computer system that is run by a centralized IT group. Therefore, for smaller items of laboratory computer equipment the list should be reviewed for applicability and suitability. Where a system does not have the facility to store raw data, e.g., a disk drive, no SOP is required for backup and restore. The converse is also true this is a generalized list of SOPs, and if there is a specialized application there may be the need for more SOPs than what appears above. 

---