Laboratory costs

Direct costs are costs for maintenance of materials, operating of supplies labour, control direct costs laboratory etc. 

An example of this third solution is presented in this paper which shows how it is possible to achieve supercomputer speeds from a low cost laboratory computer. By placing the task on a local lab computer, it is now also possible to develop reasonable interactive molecular modelling tools which utilize energies and forces in real time. 

Most of the forementioned studies which examined the influence of various dietary fiber on the bioavailability of calcium by human subjects have depended upon the comparative measurements of calcium content of diets and calcium contents of stools and urine. As reviewed by Allen (3), calcium balance studies have distinct limitations relative to accuracy and precision. However, their ease of application and cost, laboratory equipment requirements, and real (or perceived) safety in comparison to available radioactive or stable isotope methods continue to make their use popular. In calcium balance studies, calcium absorption is assumed to be the difference between calcium excretion in the feces and calcium intake. Usually this is expressed as a percent of the calcium intake. This method assumes that all fecal calcium loss is unabsorbed dietary calcium which is, of course, untrue since appreciable amounts of calcium from the body are lost via the intestinal route through the biliary tract. Hence, calcium absorption by this method may underestimate absorption of dietary calcium but is useful for comparative purposes. It has been estimated that bile salts may contribute about 100 g calcium/day to the intestinal calcium contents. Bile salt calcium has been found to be more efficiently absorbed through the intestinal mucosa than is dietary calcium (20) but less so by other investigators (21). 

The other forms of blackbody sources are adaptations of those used widely in conventional laboratory-style IR instruments, which feature exposed electrically heated elements. Various designs have been used, with metal filaments, made from Kanthral and Nichrome, being simple solutions in lower cost laboratory... 

Recent decades have seen the emergence of a novel approach to scientific research, based on the exploitation of fast electronic digital computers. Computation provides a method of investigation which transcends the traditional division between theory and experiment. Computer-assisted simulation and design may afford a solution to complex problems which would otherwise be intractable to theoretical analysis, and may also provide a viable alternative to difficult or costly laboratory experiments. Though stemming from Theoretical Chemistry, Computational Chemistry is a field of research... 

Supalo, C. (2008) Low-cost laboratory adaptations for precollege students who are blind or visually impaired. Journal of Chemical Education 85(2), 243-247. 

Laboratory equipment is absolutely crucial in the preparation of chemicals and cannot be substituted by anything else. Many of the procedures in this book require some kind of laboratory glassware or equivalent, which can be quite costly. Laboratory glassware comes in many styles, shapes, and sizes from many suppliers. Using glassware only requires a few simple rules, which can go as follows ... 

Payroll overhead includes the cost of pensions, holidays, sick pay, etc., and is normally between 15 and 20 percent of the operating-labor cost. Laboratory work is required for product quality control, and its cost is approximately 10 to 20 percent of the operating-labor cost. 

The already massive use of computers in household and corporate environments is still and will predictably be on the increase In years to come as an obvious result of their progressively falling cost. Laboratories have not failed to recognize their vast potential and have exploited them in a number of fields, particularly in the automation of a variety of processes. Strictly, the role of (mlcro)computers in process automation involves the action of electronics or hardware on the mechanical parts of an instrument with the aim of fully or partly replacing human Intervention. 

So, it was thought to create a sort of postdoctoral fellowship allowing a young PhD to work under the direction of a good chemist on problems related to the company s interest. In this fashion, several advantages were obtained the sponsoring chemist was drawn on indirectly as a consultant and the company did not have to invest in the construction of costly laboratories (121). 

Quick turnaround time there is no need to wait for long, often costly, laboratory analyses. 

The task of environmental analysis is the identification and quantification (screening and monitoring) of contaminants [28]. The analytical characterization and evaluation of dangerous wastes from the past are typical examples of applied environmental analysis. Traditionally, for the risk assessments of old waste deposits, analytical methods (in the form of costly laboratory analysis) are used remote from the site of investigation [29]. At abandoned waste depo.sits and industrial sites, contaminant distributions are extraordinarily het-... 

Detection of microbial growth on coatings. The identification of microbial defacement of coatings in exterior situations is not a trivial task and needs costly laboratory investigations for each case. Isolation and determination of a microorganism from a coating is not a proof for a causal relation to film colonization and disfigurement. 

A fully automated FI method for antioxidant capacity assessment based on a low-cost laboratory-made analyzer was also reported [79]. Precision was better than 5% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.), and the linear range was 4-100 pM. The method was applied to pure compound, wine, and honey samples. 

Sanchez, F.M., Zamorano, J. A low cost laboratory for teaching embedded realtime systems. In Real-Time Programming 2003. Proceedings of the IFAC/IFIP Workshop, pp. 195-200. Elsevier Science Ltda (2003)... 

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