Luminescence literature

The immense growth in the luminescence literature during the period between these two reviews had little to do with developments in fundamental theory. It was mainly due to the availability of new instrumentation, such as the photomultiplier (around 1950), the laser (around 1960), transistor and microcircuit electronics (around 1970), and ready access to laboratory computers (around 1975). All aspects of luminescence theory now being used to interpret luminescence measurements have been known since the early 1900 s and nearly all of the types of measurements now being made had been initiated with cruder techniques by 1930. We discuss here many of the latest techniques in luminescence analysis with selected highlights from the historical development of luminescence and a look at several recent developments in luminescence applications that appear likely to be important to future research. 

The present text has dearly the character of an introduction into the field. Those who want to know more or to keep up with the luminescence literature do not have an easy task, since this literature is widely spread. The suggestions wliich follow originate from the authors experience and personal preference. 

In solid state materials, single-step electron transport between dopant species is well known. For example, electron-hole recombination accounts for luminescence in some materials [H]. Multistep hopping is also well known. Models for single and multistep transport are enjoying renewed interest in tlie context of DNA electron transfer [12, 13, 14 and 15]. Indeed, tliere are strong links between tire ET literature and tire literature of hopping conductivity in polymers [16]. 

Flumequine is a representative of fluoroquinolones which are high-effective antimicrobial medicines used as fodder supplements in cattle-breeding. This causes the necessity in effective testing techniques to detenuine the content of flumequine in meat products. Fluorimetric determination based on sensitized luminescence of fluoroquinolone chelates with lanthanides is a promising one. The literature lacks information of flumequine detemiination with the aid of sensitized fluorescence. 

Luminescence measurements on proteins occupy a large part of the biochemical literature. In what surely was one of the earliest scientific reports of protein photoluminescence uncomplicated by concurrent insect or microorganism luminescence, Beccari (64), in 1746, detected a visible blue phosphorescence from chilled hands when they were brought into a dark room after exposure to sunlight. Stokes (10) remarked that the dark (ultraviolet) portion of the solar spectrum was most efficient in generating fluorescent emission and identified fluorescence from animal matter in 1852. In general, intrinsic protein fluorescence predominantly occurs between 300 nm and 400 nm and is very difficult to detect visually. The first... 

The story of luminescence advances since 1970 is best found in the current literature. It is too large and diversified to be readily summarized in a single article and too recent to edit for the most important events. Luminescence studies are so pervasive throughout all the fields of science that each special sphere of inquiry could have its own recent history of luminescence. Many of the most important developments of today will necessarily remain hidden to most scientists until later discoveries reveal their significance. For these reasons, this report continues with a personal selection of topics, chosen to guide the reader to a potpourri of interesting recent reports. 

The discriminatory emission properties between two-coordinate d ° gold(I) complexes and their respective three-coordinate counterparts have been demonstrated in the literature [6, 10-13]. As discussed in the later sections, Che and coworkers have rationalized that the extraordinarily large Stokes shift of the visible emission of [Au2(diphosphine)2] from the [5da 6pa] transition is due to the exciplex formation ofthe excited state with solvent or counterions [6]. Fackler [14—16] reported the photophysical properties of monomeric [AUL3] complexes, which show visible luminescence with large Stokes shifts (typically lOOOOcm ), suggesting significant excited-state distortion. Gray et al. [10] examined the spectroscopic properties of... 

The results found in the literature and from these experiments enabled us to select parameters which may give an indication of the degree of integration. These are resistance to diseases and pests, overall taste, phenols, ratio of proteins to free amino acids (physiological amino acid status), integration score on crystallisation pictures and species-typical colour ratio in spectral-range luminescence. 

The versatility of luminescence goes beyond intensity-, wavelength- and kinetic-based measurements. Fluorescence polarization (or anisotropy) is an additional parameter still largely unexplored for optical sensing yet widely used in Biochemistry to study the interaction of proteins, the microfluidity of cell membranes and in fluorescence immunoassays. Although only a few optosensors based on luminescence polarization measurements can be found in the literature, elegant devices have recently been reported to measure chemical parameters such as pFI or O2 even with the bare eye41. 

It has been known for centuries that many compounds emit visible radiation when they are exposed to sunlight. Luminescence phenomena, such as the aurora borealis, phosphorescence of the sea, luminous animals and insects, phosphorescent wood, etc., have fascinated man since antiquity, being reflected in the early scientific literature. Aristotle (384-322 b.c.) appears to be one of the first philosophers to recognize cold light in dead fish, fungi, and the luminous secretion of the cuttlefish [1],... 

Much of the study of ECL reactions has centered on two areas electron transfer reactions between certain transition metal complexes, and radical ion-annihilation reactions between polyaromatic hydrocarbons. ECL also encompasses the electrochemical generation of conventional chemiluminescence (CL) reactions, such as the electrochemical oxidation of luminol. Cathodic luminescence from oxide-covered valve metal electrodes is also termed ECL in the literature, and has found applications in analytical chemistry. Hence this type of ECL will also be covered here. 

This review deals mainly with BL analytical applications in the last 10-15 past years, but some previous fundamental works are also listed. In Table 3 some fundamentals references of general interest and the findings of recent symposia on this topic are collected. In the journal Luminescence, the Journal of Biological and Chemical Luminescence (previously Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence) are also reported surveys of the recent literature on selected topics (like ATP or GFP applications), instruments, and kits commercially available. 

As previously mentioned, luminescent reactions occur in almost all zoological kingdoms. The literature is therefore full of papers reporting bioluminescent systems other than those just described [49, 237],... 

In this section, the complexity encountered in the design of a proper oligonucleotide as template for the formation of highly luminescent and very stable silver clusters will be shown. Some of the templates discussed in literature are summarized in Table 2. 

The reader is referred to other reviews for detailed discussions of the electronic states and luminescence of nucleic acids and their constituents/0 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy/2) spectroscopy of dye/DNA complexes/0 and ethidium fluorescence assays/4,0 A brief review of early work on DNA dynamics as well as a review of tRNA kinetics and dynamics have also appeared. The diverse and voluminous literature on the use of fluorescence techniques to assay the binding of proteins and antitumor drugs to nucleic acids and on the use of fluorescent DNA/dye complexes in cytometry and cytochemistry lies entirely outside the scope of this chapter. 

In recent years luminescence nomenclature has become confusing within the literature and in practice. Luminescence involves both phosphorescence and fluorescence phenomena. While luminescence is the appropriate term when the specific photochemical mechanism is unknown, fluorescence is far more prevalent in practice. Moreover, the acronym LIE has historically inferred laser -induced fluorescence however, in recent years it has evolved to the more general term light -induced fluorescence due to the various light sources found within laboratory and real-time instruments. Within this chapter fluorescence and LIE are interchangeable terms. 

When molecules absorb a photon and produce an electronic excited state, the energy can be dissipated in several ways luminescence, radiationless decay to the ground state, and photochemistry. Luminescence dominated the older literature because it was easy to observe. A good review of luminescence is in Volume 3 of David Dolphin s seven-volume series The Porphyrins. Picosecond laser spectroscopy allowed for exploration of the radiationless decay pathways, particularly the initial steps that compete with luminescence and lead to photochemistry. Two principal forms of radiationless decay lead to long-term metastables ligand ejection and electron transfer. 

The Luminescent Minerals chapter contains time-resolved luminescence spectra for approximately 50 minerals. The following information is presented for the each one, comprising literature and original results short description... 

Due to the competing non-radiative decay routes for the lanthanide excited state, there is an intrinsic limit to the overall quantum yield in luminescent lanthanide complexes. It has been estimated that these values are 0.50 and 0.75 for europium and terbium, respectively (27). Although quantum yields exceeding these have been reported (31,32), care should be taken in analyzing quantum yield results in the literature, as these are often given for the energy transfer process alone, and not the overall quantum yield, and in other cases it is unclear as to which process(es) the quoted quantum yield refers to. 

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