Phenomena dynamic

Equation-of-state measurements add to the scientific database, and contribute toward an understanding of the dynamic phenomena which control the outcome of shock events. Computer calculations simulating shock events are extremely important because many events of interest cannot be subjected to test in the laboratory. Computer solutions are based largely on equation-of-state models obtained from shock-wave experiments which can be done in the laboratory. Thus, one of the main practical purposes of prompt instrumentation is to provide experimental information for the construction of accurate equation-of-state models for computer calculations. 

L. Leger, H. Hervet, P. Silberzan, D. Frot. Dynamics of polymer chains close to a solid wall. In D Beysens, ed. Dynamical Phenomena at Interfaces, Surfaces and Membranes. New York Nova Science, 1993, pp. 499-510. 

The dielectric medium is normally taken to have a constant value of e, but may for some purposes also be taken to depend for example on the distance from M. For dynamical phenomena it can also be allowed to be frequency dependent i.e. the response of the solvent is different for a fast reaction, such as an electronic transition, and a slow reaction, such as a molecular reorientation. 

Compounds 225a-f showed interesting dynamic phenomena on the NMR time scale with broad lines at room temperature and appearance of two sets of sharp peaks at -50 °C corresponding to conformers 226 and 227 (Fig. 3). By contrast, 225 g-1 exist essentially as one conformer. These results show that the presence of a Me substituent adjacent to the 0 atom in ring B and syn to the ring junction hydrogen (see 225 g) prejudices the molecule in favor of conformer 226, thus placing the Me substituent pseudoequatorially (cf. 226, = Me). Sim-... 

By the total internal reflection condition at the liquid-liquid interface, one can observe interfacial reaction in the evanescent layer, a very thin layer of a ca. 100 nm thickness. Fluorometry is an effective method for a sensitive detection of interfacial species and their dynamics [10]. Time-resolved laser spectrofluorometry is a powerful tool for the elucidation of rapid dynamic phenomena at the interface [11]. Time-resolved total reflection fluorometry can be used for the evaluation of rotational relaxation time and the viscosity of the interface [12]. Laser excitation can produce excited states of adsorbed compound. Thus, the triplet-triplet absorption of interfacial species was observed at the interface [13]. 

Stepanek P, Kondk C, Sedldcek B (1985) In Sedlacek B (ed) Physical optics of dynamic phenomena and processes in macromolecular systems. Proceedings of the 27th microsymposium on macromolecules, de Gruyter, Berlin, p 271... 

A striking example of the so formed class of kick-excited self-adaptive dynamical phenomena and systems is the model of a pendulum influenced by quasi-periodic short-term actions, as considered in papers (Damgov, 2004) - (Damgov and Trenchev, 1999). 

Roos, Y. and Karel, M. 1993. Effects of glass transitions on dynamic phenomena in sugar containing food systems. In Glassy State in Foods (J.M.V. Blanshard and P.J. Lillford, eds), pp. 207-222. Nottingham Univ. Press, Loughborough, UK. 

Consequently, we have to touch upon at least some operational issues to define our approach to the ways and means of constructing models of metabolism. At the most basic level, surveying the current literature, we face a strong dichotomy between a quest for elaborate large-scale models of cellular pathways and minimal (skeleton) models, tailored to explain specific dynamic phenomena only. 

There is no shortage of dynamic phenomena observed in cellular systems [272], Quite on the contrary, cellular metabolism is a highly dynamic system, and... 

Besides the two most well-known cases, the local bifurcations of the saddle-node and Hopf type, biochemical systems may show a variety of transitions between qualitatively different dynamic behavior [13, 17, 293, 294, 297 301]. Transitions between different regimes, induced by variation of kinetic parameters, are usually depicted in a bifurcation diagram. Within the chemical literature, a substantial number of articles seek to identify the possible bifurcation of a chemical system. Two prominent frameworks are Chemical Reaction Network Theory (CRNT), developed mainly by M. Feinberg [79, 80], and Stoichiometric Network Analysis (SNA), developed by B. L. Clarke [81 83]. An analysis of the (local) bifurcations of metabolic networks, as determinants of the dynamic behavior of metabolic states, constitutes the main topic of Section VIII. In addition to the scenarios discussed above, more complicated quasiperiodic or chaotic dynamics is sometimes reported for models of metabolic pathways [302 304]. However, apart from few special cases, the possible relevance of such complicated dynamics is, at best, unclear. Quite on the contrary, at least for central metabolism, we observe a striking absence of complicated dynamic phenomena. To what extent this might be an inherent feature of (bio)chemical systems, or brought about by evolutionary adaption, will be briefly discussed in Section IX. 

The fluorescence decay time is one of the most important characteristics of a fluorescent molecule because it defines the time window of observation of dynamic phenomena. As illustrated in Figure 3.2, no accurate information on the rate of phenomena occurring at time-scales shorter than about t/100 ( private life of the molecule) or longer than about 10t ( death of the molecule) can be obtained, whereas at intermediate times ( public life of the molecule) the time evolution of phenomena can be followed. It is interesting to note that a similar situation is found in the use of radioisotopes for dating the period (i.e. the time constant of the exponential radioactive decay) must be of the same order of magnitude as the age of the object to be dated (Figure 3.2). 

Friedman, H. L., in "Protons and ions involved in fast dynamic phenomena," Elsevier, N.Y., 1978. Laszlo, P., editor. 

Robinson, B. James, A. Steytler, D. C. "Protons Involved in Fast Dynamic Phenomena" Elsevier Amsterdam, 1978 p 287. 

Ya. B. Zeldovich and Yu. P. Raizer, Physics of Shock Waves and High Temperature Hydro-dynamic Phenomena, Vols. 1 and 2, Academic Press, New York, 1967. 

In order to proceed further, a significant step in instrument development was needed, which was achieved with the IN 15 instrument at the Institut Laue Langevin in Grenoble [22,23]. This instrument routinely accesses time scales in the order of 200 ns and opens opportunities for exploring dynamic phenomena that were previously inaccessible. Figure 3.17 and Fig. 3.18 display experimental results from a M =36 kg/mol PE sample on the dynamic single chain struc-... 

Mrkvickova, L. Konak, C. Sedlacek, B. In Physical Optics of Dynamic Phenomena and Processes in Macromolecular Systems Sedlacek, B., Ed. W. de Gruyter Berlin, I985 p.353. 

These few examples illustrate how the shape of NMR signals is affected by dynamic phenomena within the molecule. The analysis of these effects provides a useful tool for both a qualitative (localisation of exchanging sites) and quantitative (kinetic data) understanding of fluxionality within metal complexes. 

A more interesting problem is that the Metropolis Monte Carlo studies used a different (physically simplified) kinetic rate law for atomic motion than the KMC work. That is, the rules governing the rate at which atoms jump from one configuration to the next were fundamentally different. This can have serious implications for such dynamic phenomena as step fluctuations, adatom mobility, etc. In this paper, we describe the physical differences between the rate laws used in the previous work, and then present results using just one of the simulation techniques, namely KMC, but comparing both kinds of rate laws. 

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