Laboratory and pilot testing

Intrinsic chemical kinetic data should not be obtained from fluidized beds, since the complex gas and particle dynamics in the fluidized bed make it difficult to separate the chemical factors from the interphase mass transfer and mixing constraints. Kinetics should instead be derived from fixed beds, Berty reactors, or other reactors where the mixing and mass transfer are well characterized and/or not rate limiting. 

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In laboratory and pilot tests a very active and resistant Two- Catalyst-Configuration was developed. It consists (in flow direction of the polluted offgas) of ... 

Similar to (but not the same as) the concept to inject different MW polymers, different polymer concentrations can be injected for profile control. Yang et al. (2006) presented laboratory and pilot test results showing that the recovery increased by injecting high-concentration polymer solution in the early slugs. In this case, the high concentration used was 1500 to 2500 ppm, and the incremental oil recovery over waterflooding was about 20%. 

Electrochemical Remediation Heavy metals and other contaminants can be removed from the soil and groundwater with the help of electrokinetic phenomena (electroosmosis, electrophoresis, electrolysis). In electrochemical remediation processes, a continuous electrical field is generated with electrodes that are inserted into the contaminated soil (Shapiro etal. 1989 Ottosen etal. 1995 Hansen etal. 1997). Laboratory and pilot tests have been conducted, for example, with acetic acid as cleaning solution (Renaud 1990). With elec-... 

Often a trade-off is required between capital and operating costs. So the final selection must be made not on the basis of novelty but on the overall technoeconomics of the drying system. It is important to stress that one should examine the drying system rather than the dryer in isolation. Furthermore, novel dryers have limited field experience, which makes laboratory and pilot testing especially important. Lack of prior experience should not, however, be taken as a negative factor against novel dryers. 

The industrial operating unit has corroborated the experimental data obtained through both laboratory and pilot tests. This specially designed system operates with zero supplemental fuel consumption when used sand that contains more than 1% of organic compounds. Besides sand reclamation, gas-flowing solids-fixed bed concept may be used for the other applications such as heat recovery from ashes, from hot dirty gases, etc. 

Much of the experience and data from wastewater treatment has been gained from municipal treatment plants. Industrial liquid wastes are similar to wastewater but differ in significant ways. Thus, typical design parameters and standards developed for municipal wastewater operations must not be blindly utilized for industrial wastewater. It is best to run laboratory and small pilot tests with the specific industrial wastewater as part of the design process. It is most important to understand the temporal variations in industrial wastewater strength, flow, and waste components and their effect on the performance of various treatment processes. Industry personnel in an effort to reduce cost often neglect laboratory and pilot studies and depend on waste characteristics from similar plants. This strategy often results in failure, delay, and increased costs. Careful studies on the actual waste at a plant site cannot be overemphasized. 

By representing the veloeity in this manner, we ean antieipate a small ehange in the funetion 0(e) beeause the influenee of the flow pattern is, to a large extent, aeeounted for in the hydraulie radius. Laboratory and pilot scale testing have shown... 

Figure 10.2, which is based on a similar chart given by Matthews (1971), can be used to select the type of screening equipment likely to be suitable for a particular size range. Equipment selection will normally be based on laboratory and pilot scale screening tests, conducted with the co-operation of the equipment vendors. The main factors to be considered, and the information that would be required by the firms supplying proprietary screening equipment, are listed below ... 

This approach to describing centrifuge performance has become known as the sigma theory . It provides a means for comparing the performance of sedimentation centrifuges and for scaling up from laboratory and pilot scale tests see Ambler (1952) and Trowbridge (1962). 

The drying characteristics of the material can be investigated by laboratory and pilot plant tests which are best carried out in consultation with the equipment vendors. 

A phenomenon observed in both laboratory and pilot plant testing of ores with phosphonic acid collectors is complete cassiterite flotation at a pH below 4.0. In fundamental practice, it indicates that a pH region below 4 is the region of maximum flotation. However, in plant practice, at a low pH (below 4), loss of flotation occurred. The loss of flotation at a low pH has not been established. It is, however, postulated that loss of flotation is believed to be associated with complex solution chemical interaction between phosphonic acid collectors and cationic species, in particular, those of iron, which is always present in industrial flotation pulp. 

After the evaluation of the performance of the different catalysts prepared in laboratory and pilot scale, a few candidates are selected for a full-scale test production. The main purpose is to demonstrate that the production steps shown in Fig. 8 are feasible for the new catalyst and that a uniform and satisfactory product quality can be achieved at an acceptable production rate in the existing production line. 

Laboratory- and pilot-scale tests were conducted at the Re-Solve Superfund site in North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, during May and lune, 1992. The technology is no longer commercially available, and Waste Management Inc., no longer supports or employs the technology. 

The nature of the problem dictates that studies on a real system are required to determine true efficacy. While we are involved in a held trial of CoFoam to remove methyl ferf-butyl ether (MtBE) from groundwater, to date we have completed only laboratory and pilot plant testing. Nevertheless, the results point toward eventual success. (Registered trademarks of Hydrophilix Corp., Saco, ME, USA.)... 

Final selection of filtering equipment is inadvisable without some testing in the laboratory and pilot plant. A few details of such work are mentioned later in this chapter. Figure 11.2 is an outline of a procedure for the selection of filter types on the basis of appropriate test work. Vendors need a certain amount of information before they can specify and price equipment typical inquiry forms are in Appendix C. Briefly, the desirable information includes the following. 

Both liquid-liquid extraction and extraction chromatography have been tested. Laboratory and pilot scale recovery tests were done using extraction chromatography results of these preliminary tests were described previously (15). 

As stated at the outset, this paper is intended to provide a historical overview and some insight as to the types of operations, procedures and equipment used in the Army s Demilitarization Program for Chemical Munitions. In each of the areas discussed there has been a considerable amount of study, laboratory experimentation and pilot testing accomplished to define the specific design criteria. 

Discs range in size from laboratory models 30 cm in diameter up to production units of 10 meters in diameter with throughputs of 100 ton/hr. Figure 20-82 shows throughput capacities for discs of varying diameter for different applications and formulation feed densities. When scaling up from laboratory or pilot tests it is usual to keep the... 

Thus, the shell wall thickness is essentially the same as the head thickness. According to Table 6.2, the minimum wall thickness is 3/32 in (2.38 mm) for high-alloy steels. The application of this rule-of-thumb more than doubles the wall thickness, which should be an adequate corrosion allowance. The selection of a corrosion allowance in the final design must be based on past experience or from laboratory and pilot plant tests. 

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