Systemic Operational Design

Lauder M (2009) Systemic operational design freeing operational planning from the shackles of hneaiity. Can Mil J http //www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo9/no4/08-lauder-eng.asp. Accessed 24 March 2015... 

Breakdown and subsequent repair is clearly non-scheduled, but gives rise to nonavailability of the item. Some non-critical items may actually be maintained on a breakdown basis, as discussed in Section 11.3. Flowever, an item which is critical to keeping the production system operating will be designed and maintained to make the probability of breakdown very small, or may be backed up by a stand-by unit. 

The intelligent magnetic pig KOD-4M-1420 was developed and passed trials. This system is designed to provide corrosion and cracks detection in the operating underground gas pipelines at the distances up to 150 km. 

Suspension polymerization of VDE in water are batch processes in autoclaves designed to limit scale formation (91). Most systems operate from 30 to 100°C and are initiated with monomer-soluble organic free-radical initiators such as diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate (92—96), tert-huty peroxypivalate (97), or / fZ-amyl peroxypivalate (98). Usually water-soluble polymers, eg, cellulose derivatives or poly(vinyl alcohol), are used as suspending agents to reduce coalescence of polymer particles. Organic solvents that may act as a reaction accelerator or chain-transfer agent are often employed. The reactor product is a slurry of suspended polymer particles, usually spheres of 30—100 pm in diameter they are separated from the water phase thoroughly washed and dried. Size and internal stmcture of beads, ie, porosity, and dispersant residues affect how the resin performs in appHcations. 

Wetox uses a single-reactor vessel that is baffled to simulate multiple stages. The design allows for higher destmction efficiency at lower power input and reduced temperature. Its commercial use has been limited to one faciHty in Canada for treatment of a complex industrial waste stream. Kenox Corp. (North York, Ontario, Canada) has developed a wet oxidation reactor design (28). The system operates at 4.1—4.7 MPa (600 to 680 psi) with air, using a static mixer to achieve good dispersion of Hquid and air bubbles. 

DeioniZa.tlon, The removal of cations and anions from water and replacement of them with hydrogen and hydroxide ions is called deionization. The completeness of the ionic removal is dependent on resin selection, design of the system, operating conditions, and the quaUty of treated water required. In general, systems become more complex as quaUty requirements increase. 

The design of these distillation systems and the operating conditions used depend on the physical properties of the alkylphenols involved and on the product requirements. Essentially all alkylphenol distillation systems operate under vacuum, but the actual pressures maintained vary considerably. Vacuum operation allows reasonable reboder temperatures (200—350°C) so that thermal dealkylation reactions of the alkylphenols are slow. 

Distillation columns are controlled by hand or automatically. The parameters that must be controlled are (/) the overall mass balance, (2) the overall enthalpy balance, and (J) the column operating pressure. Modem control systems are designed to control both the static and dynamic column and system variables. For an in-depth discussion, see References 101—104. 

Recovery of the solvent, sometimes by chemical means but more often by distillation, is almost always required, and the recoveiy system ordinarily is considered an integral part of the absorption-system process design. A more efficient solvent-stripping operation normally will result in a less costly absorber because of a smaller concentration of residual dissolved solute in the regenerated solvent however, this may increase the overall cost of solvent recoveiy. A more detailed discussion of these and other economic considerations is presented later in this section. 

Gas-hquid contac ting systems are utilized for transferring mass, heat, and momentum between the phases, subject to constraints of physical and chemical equihbrium. Process equipment for such systems is designed to achieve the appropriate transfer operations with a minimum expenditure of energy and capital investment. 

The system is designed so that two equal pumps are operating together side by side. The system can support the production of both pumps. If the needs of production are reduced, this system can operate with only one pump, simply by removing one pump from service (Figure 8-25). 

Here we see something interesting. Recause the system is designed for both pumps running in parallel, when only one pump is operating, this pump will run to the right of its REP. This situation brings it s own peculiar set of implications, not often understood in indu.stry. 

It has always seemed strange to us that the mechanics, or the manufacturer, are blamed when a mechanical seal fails after 3 months of service. If the seal fails on start-up, maybe you could point to the mechanic or the seal, but not after 3 weeks or 4 months of operation. This would most likely be an operational failure (a failure in operations), or a design failure (a failure in the system s design). And what is really amazing is that this statement and these words have never been recognized or said before.)... 

The equipment for the pollutant removal system includes all hoods, ducting, controls, fans, and disposal or recovery systems that might be necessary. The entire system should be engineered as a unit for maximum efficiency and economy. Many systems operate at less than maximum efficiency because a portion of the system was designed or adapted without consideration of the other portions (4). 

The generator is operated as a motor during the compression mode. The system is designed to operate on a weekly cycle, which includes power generation five days per week, with cavern recharging during weekday nights and weekends. 

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