Laboratory and academic

Additionally, the meeting served the purpose of bringing together scientists in government research laboratories and academic research workers who do not often have such opportunities for exchange of ideas, etc. It is to be hoped that further meetings will be held in the future along similar lines but on different topics. 

The National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS) backed by a consortium of North American industrial corporations, national laboratories, and academic institutions conducted an evaluation of alternatives to eutectic Sn-Pb solder between 1992 and 1996. Corporate participants included ATT-Lucent, Ford Motor Company, GM-Delco Electronics, GM-Hughes Aircraft, Hamilton Standard, National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), Rensse-lear Polytechnic Institute, Rockwell International, Sandia National Laboratories, Texas Instruments, and the U.S. Navy s Electronics Manufacturing Productivity Facility. The goal of the project was to determine whether safe, cost-effective, nontoxic, reliable lead solder alternatives could be identified. With over 79 alloys examined, the study results indicated that while a number of possible lead-free solders were functionally possible, there was no universal drop-in replacement for lead-based solders in electronics applications. This study is discussed in detail in Chap. 17. 

Molecular modelling used to be restricted to a small number of scientists who had access to the necessary computer hardware and software. Its practitioners wrote their own programs, managed their own computer systems and mended them when they broke down. Today s computer workstations are much more powerful than the mainframe computers of even a few years ago and can be purchased relatively cheaply. It is no longer necessary for the modeller to write computer programs as software can be obtained from commercial software companies and academic laboratories. Molecular modelling can now be performed in any laboratory or classroom. 

Some 20 years after the pressure for the creation of the new interdisciplinary laboratories was first felt, one of the academics who became involved very early on. Prof. Rustum Roy of Pennsylvania State University, wrote eloquently about the underlying ideal of interdisciplinarity (Roy 1977). He also emphasised the supportive role played by some influential industrial scientists in that creation, notably Dr. Guy Suits of GE, whom we have already encountered, and Dr. William Baker of Bell Laboratories who was a major force in pushing for interdisciplinary materials research in industry and academe alike. A magisterial survey by Baker (1967), under the title Solid State Science and Materials Development, indicates the breadth and scope of his scientific interests. 

Campbell, M. (ed.J (1996) Sensor System for Environmental Monitoring, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Hague. Carson, P.A., and Dent, N.J. (ed.) (1990) Good Laboratory and Clinical Practices, Hememann Newnes, Oxford. Carson, P.A., and Mumford, C.J. (1988) The Safe Handling of Chemicals in Industry (Vols 1 and 2), Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow. 

The BET area of a catalyst or a catalyst support is one of the first properties one wants to know in catalyst development. All industrial laboratories and many academic laboratories possess equipment for measuring this property. 

This section focnses on research works in this field pnbUshed over the past 10 years by private companies and academic laboratories. As onr group recently noted, it is a long way from the Petri dish to the market place and thus to the placement of a food prodnct on store shelves. 

Among the few astaxanthin-producing microorganisms, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is one of the best candidates for commercial production. Therefore, many academic laboratories and several companies have developed processes that could reach industrial levels. 

Heteropolyacids are also beginning to emerge from academic laboratories and find commercial applications. Showa Denko, for example, claim to have a process [14] for the direct oxidation of ethylene to acetic acid employing a bifunctional Pt/heteropolyacid catalyst system. 

Numerous pharmaceutical companies and academic laboratories have published data on a wide variety of small molecule H3 antagonists/inverse agonists. Highlights of the data reported since the last review in this book series [67] will be reported here. 

Chemistry really should be at the heart of this revolution in materials. Chemistry is the discipline that has been associated with the study of matter that is the science of chemistry. Moreover, chemistry is also the discipline associated with the purposeful manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular level. But, in terms of materials chemistry, the time is right because of the ability to do analysis at an unprecedented level of resolution. However, our academic system has not yet responded for our students because our laboratory and lecture subjects have not yet included the dramatic advances in analytical capability. This is an important charge to the academic community. 

Thus the aim of this text is to provide medicinal chemists and pharmacologists with a detailed description of enzyme-inhibitor evaluation as it relates directly to drug discovery efforts. These activities are largely the purview of industrial pharmaceutical laboratories, and I expect that the majority of readers will come from this sector. However, there is an ever-increasing focus on inhibitor discovery in academic and government laboratories today, not only for the goal of identifying... 

If one wishes to obtain a fluorine NMR spectrum, one must of course first have access to a spectrometer with a probe that will allow observation of fluorine nuclei. Fortunately, most modern high field NMR spectrometers that are available in industrial and academic research laboratories today have this capability. Probably the most common NMR spectrometers in use today for taking routine NMR spectra are 300 MHz instruments, which measure proton spectra at 300 MHz, carbon spectra at 75.5 MHz and fluorine spectra at 282 MHz. Before obtaining and attempting to interpret fluorine NMR spectra, it would be advisable to become familiar with some of the fundamental concepts related to fluorine chemical shifts and spin-spin coupling constants that are presented in this book. There is also a very nice introduction to fluorine NMR by W. S. and M. L. Brey in the Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.1... 

A chloroform solution of toxic tributyltin fluoride was placed in a round-bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser, and bromine (3 equiv per Bu3SnF) was added all at once. After the mixture was stirred for 2-3 days at room temperature, aqueous sodium thiosulfate was added until the brown color of bromine disappeared. The aqueous layer containing inorganic tin compounds.was disposed of in accordance with Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories" National Academic Press Washington, DC, 1983. 

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