Interdisciplinary laboratory

As we have seen, the concept of MSB emerged early in the 1950s and by 1960, it had become firmly established, as the result of a number of decisions in academe and in industry. In that year, as the result of a sustained period of intense discussion and political lobbying in Washington, another major decision was taken, this time by agencies of the US Government. The Interdisciplinary Laboratories were born. 

Some 20 years after the pressure for the creation of the new interdisciplinary laboratories was first felt, one of the academics who became involved very early on. Prof. Rustum Roy of Pennsylvania State University, wrote eloquently about the underlying ideal of interdisciplinarity (Roy 1977). He also emphasised the supportive role played by some influential industrial scientists in that creation, notably Dr. Guy Suits of GE, whom we have already encountered, and Dr. William Baker of Bell Laboratories who was a major force in pushing for interdisciplinary materials research in industry and academe alike. A magisterial survey by Baker (1967), under the title Solid State Science and Materials Development, indicates the breadth and scope of his scientific interests. 

Another example is the interdisciplinary laboratory developed at Harvey Mudd College (147) in which eight different interdisciplinary experiments, ranging from thermal properties of an ectothermic animal to synthesis and characterization of liquid crystals, are carried out over two semesters. 

An Integration of Chemistry, Biology and Physics The Interdisciplinary Laboratory 147... 

The Director of the DARPA Materials Science Office lists DARPA s various "institutionalized" programs, and examines the "coupling" programs (1966-1973) in some detail. Proposes a number of "lessons learned" from the experience. Appended is NSF s 1973 "MRL Program Policy Statement" which governed the takeover of these interdisciplinary laboratories for materials research from DARPA. 

Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Ceramics (LIEC), Chemistry Institute-UNESP, Araraquara/SP, Brazil... 

Administratively, the genesis of these Laboratories, which initially were called Interdisciplinary Research Laboratories and later. Materials Research Laboratories, involved many complications, most of them in Washington, not least when in 1972 responsibility for them was successfully transferred to the National Science Foundation (NSF). As Sproull cynically remarks To those unfamiliar with the workings of federal government (and especially Capitol Hill), transfer of a program sounds simple, but it is simple only if the purpose of transfer is to kill the program . 

My principal objective in Section 10.4 has been to underline the necessity for a drastic enhancement of a crucial experimental technology, the production of ultrahigh vacuum, as a precondition for the emergence of a new branch of science, and this enhancement was surveyed in the preceding Section. It would not be appropriate in this book to present a detailed account of surface science as it has developed, so 1 shall restrict myself to a few comments. The field has been neatly subdivided among chemists, physicists and materials scientists it is an ideal specimen of the kind of study which has flourished under the conditions of the interdisciplinary materials laboratories described in Chapter 1. 

Other important historical landmarks include the founding, in 1984, of the Santa Fe Institute, which is one of the leading interdisciplinary centers for complex systems theory research the first conference devoted solely to research in cellular automata (which is a prototypical mathematical model of complex systems), organized by Farmer, Toffoli and Wolfram at MIT in 1984 [farmer84] and the first artificial life conference, organized by Chri.s Langton at Los Alamos National Laboratory, in 1987 [lang89]. 

Koppel financed Haber s institute lavishly with the best available laboratory equipment for state-of-the-art research and with five full-time scientific researchers who had no teaching duties. When Haber installed the only dining room and auditorium in the area, his institute became a lively hub of interdisciplinary activities. 

To provide an infrastructure to promote communication between laboratory scientists and epidemiologists for the purpose of developing interdisciplinary research on gene-environment interactions in cancer etiology. 

Target groups of this new 4th edition still remain as before students in organic and polymer chemistry as well as chemists and technicians in industry who want to acquaint themselves with this interdisciplinary field. Of course, it will also give guidance for already established or new practical laboratory courses. 

ChemKit, which offers environmental, technical consulting, is part of the environmental consulting industry. Environmental consulting providers include technical consultancies (e.g., civil engineers, technical consultancies, laboratories), management consultancies (e.g., management consultants, data processors, tax advisors, PR consultants, market researchers) and interdisciplinary environmental consultants. 

Many other laboratories (2-11,33-45) have made significant contributions to the chemistry of iso- and levoglucosenone. Further, interdisciplinary attempts to utilize the potential of both enones and their functionalized analogs in organic synthesis will be forthcoming. 

The work in this paper was supported by a Federal grant (FORSEM II - NYSP C-55708) distributed by the New York State Office of Criminal Justice. The studies were conducted at the New York State Police Scientific Laboratory and in the Electron Microanalysis Laboratory in the NASA Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 

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