Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Astaxanthin from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Large-Scale... 

ASTAXANTHIN f ROM XANTHOPHYLLOMYCES DENDRORHOUS LARGE-SCALE PRODUCTION SOON ... 

Among the few astaxanthin-producing microorganisms, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is one of the best candidates for commercial production. Therefore, many academic laboratories and several companies have developed processes that could reach industrial levels. 

In conclusion, the case of Phaffia rhodozyma Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) is very peculiar as hundreds of scientific papers and patents deal with astaxanthin production using this yeast and the process has not been economically efficient to date. New patents are filed almost each year, with improvement in astaxanthin yield, e.g., 3 g/g dry matter cited in U.S. Patent 20030049241. ... 

Astaxanthin Pink-red Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (yeast), formerly Phaffia rhodozyma DS... 

Fang, T.J. and Wang, J.M., Extractihility of astaxanthin in a mixed culture of a carotenoid over-producing mutant of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and Bacillus circulans in two-stage hatch fermentation. Process Biochem., 37, 1235, 2002. Rubinstein, L. et al.. Isolation and characterization of Phaffia rhodozyma mutants. Folia Microbiol., 43, 626, 1998. 

Verdoes, J.C. et al., Metabolic engineering of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Phaffia rhodozyma), Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 3728, 2003. 

Fig. 4 Reconstruction of the carotenoids biosynthetic pathway in S. cerevisiae. Heterologous activities t-HMGl 3 hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzymeA, ctrE geranylgeranyldiphosphate synthase (from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), Ctrl phytoene desaturase, ctrYB bifunctional enzyme phytoene synthase and lycopene cyclase. Endogenous yeast activities ISIS I geranylgeranyldiphosphate synthase. Metabolites IPP isopentenyl diphosphate, GPP geranyl diphosphate, FPP famesyl-diphosphate, GGPP geranylgeranyl diphosphate...

An, G.H. 2001. Improved growth of the red yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), in the presence of tricarhoxylic acid cycle intermediates. Biotechnol Lett 23 1005-1009. 

Dominguez-Bocanegra, A.R., and Torres-Munoz, J.A. 2004. Astaxanthin hyperproduction by Phaffia rhodozyma (now Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) with raw coconut milk as sole source of energy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 66 249-252. 

Ducrey Sanpietro, L.M., and Kula, M.R. 1998. Studies of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma). Effect of inhibitors and low temperature. Yeast 14 1007-1016. 

In nature, astaxanthin is usually found either conjugated to proteins (as in the flesh of salmon or in the lobster carapace) or esterified with fatty acids (as in Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae). In contrast, synthetic astaxanthin is produced in the free form. Synthetic, algae-based, and yeast-based (from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) astaxanthins are distinct in their stereoisomeric compositions as well." Synthetic astaxanthin, as well as all three significant natural sources Haematococcus, Xanthophyllomyces, and extracted cmstacean shells), are used widely as feed additives." Human dietary astaxanthin supplements derived from these three natural sources have also been marketed in recent years. " ... 

Salmon farm Wild salmon contains predominantly the (3S,3 S)-enantiomer. In fanned salmon, fed with shrimp bran, which is mainly produced from northern prawn (Pandalus borealis) or with an extract from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, the (3S,3 S)-enantiomer is also the main enantiomer. However, if the astaxanthin comes from the basidiomycetous yeast Phaffia rhodozyma or its sexual form Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, or from the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), the (3R,3 R)-enantiomerprevails. [69]... 

Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Cyanobacteria crtI genomic Y15007... 

---