Korea

SCWR research in Korea has been mainly promoted by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERl) and Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI). The work has consisted of a feasibility study, a core conceptual study, experiments for supercritical heat transfer, and an investigation of the corrosion and radiation effects on candidate materials [80-84]. 

The feasibility study from economic and strategic viewpoints has been jointly proceeded by KAERl and KEPRI [84]. The interim results revealed that the SCWR development in Korea would be expected to be sufficiently feasible considering various future environments and would provide great economical advantage in the total capital cost of construction. The results of the feasibility study will be used for policy-making in Korea regarding future SCWR development. 

A conceptual design of a 1,400 MWe reactor core with a solid moderator, ZrH2, has shown reasonable results [80-83, 85-87]. The idea of a solid moderator was introduced since it was believed to simplify the coolant passage in the reactor upper dome. A conceptual design study for a 1,700 MWe core has been also started with a sensitivity study [87]. 

Heat transfer experiments have been performed with CO2 using the test facility, SPHINX [88-93]. The test sections of tubes, a concentric aimulus, and an eccentric annulus have been used. Steady-state conditions have been mainly investigated. The flow direction is both vertically upward and downward. In addition to the experiments without turbulence promoters, influence of the turbulence promoter on the heat transfer has been investigated using a tube type text section where a helical wire is inserted [93]. 

A range of candidate materials for the SCWR, which includes ferritic-martensitics, Ni-based alloys, and ODS alloys, is being taken into account. Corrosion and radiation effects are getting special attention and several ion accelerators are being used. 

For the past 15 years, Nippon Recycle Center / Hanil Metal Recycle have been an important link in the recycling chain for NiCd batteries. In so doing they have contributed to enhancing the social utility of NiCd batteries. 

This plant discontinued operations in 2000 due to the difficulty of obtaining supplies from Japan. 

However, in mid-2001 a new company was formed, KOBAR Ltd., in a small town not far from Changwon City. Run by former technical executives from Hanil Metal Recycle, the plant uses greatly improved technology. Its initial capacity is limited to 

The other major Japanese recycling plant, JAPAN RECYCLE CENTER, dismantles or crushes industrial and consumer NiCd batteries which have been separated from 

Farra-Niclial InRot Pure Cadmium Stick 

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Ear East capacity is primarily in Japan but includes Taiwan, Korea, and China. 

Because of projected nylon-6,6 growth of 4—10% (167) per year in the Far East, several companies have announced plans for that area. A Rhc ne-Poulenc/Oriental Chemical Industry joint venture (Kofran) announced a 1991 startup for a 50,000-t/yr plant in Onsan, South Korea (168,169). Asahi announced plans for a 15,000-t/yr expansion of adipic acid capacity at their Nobeoka complex in late 1989, accompanied by a 60,000-t/yr cyclohexanol plant at Mizushima based on their new cyclohexene hydration technology (170). In early 1990 the Du Pont Company announced plans for a major nylon-6,6 complex for Singapore, including a 90,000-t/yr adipic acid plant due to start up in 1993 (167). Plans or negotiations for other adipic acid capacity in the area include Formosa Plastics (Taiwan) (171) and BASF-Hyundai Petrochemical (South Korea) (167). Adipic acid is a truly worldwide... 

The world s largest producers are Perstorp AB (Sweden, United States, Italy), Hoechst Celanese Corporation (United States, Canada), Degussa (Germany), and Hercules (United States) with estimated 1989 plant capacities of 65,000, 59,000, 30,000, and 22,000 t/yr, respectively. Worldwide capacity for pentaerythritol production was 316,000 t in 1989, about half of which was from the big four companies. Most of the remainder was produced in Asia (Japan, China, India, Korea, and Taiwan), Europe (Italy, Spain), or South America (Brazil, Chile). The estimated rate of production for 1989 was about 253,000 t or about 80% of nameplate capacity. 

Product Bulletin, Pentaerythritol, Sam Yang Chemical Co., Korea. 

Chlorine cannot be stored economically or moved long distances. International movements of bulk chlorine are more or less limited to movements between Canada and the United States. In 1987, chlorine moved in the form of derivatives was 3.3 million metric tons or approximately 10% of total consumption (3). Exports of ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride monomer, poly(vinyl chloride), propylene oxide, and chlorinated solvents comprise the majority of world chlorine movement. Countries or areas with a chlorine surplus exported in the form of derivatives include Western Europe, Bra2il, USA, Saudi Arabia, and Canada. Countries with a chlorine deficit are Taiwan, Korea, Indonesia, Vene2uela, South Africa, Thailand and Japan (3). 

Green Cross Korea fine chemicals, biochemicals... 

A worldwide Hst of spandex fiber and related elastomer producers is shown in Table 2. Most process developments have occurred in the United States, Germany, Japan, and Korea. A large proportion of worldwide capacity is controlled by Du Pont, either directly or through subsidiaries and joint ventures. These include three plants in North America, two in South America, two in Europe, and two in Asia. 

Woddwide, the production capacity for polyester fiber is approximately 11 million tons about 55% of the capacity is staple. Annual production capacity iu the United States is approximately 1.2 million tons of staple and 0.4 million tons of filament. Capacity utilization values of about 85% for staple and about 93% for filament show a good balance of domestic production vs capacity (105). However, polyester has become a woddwide market with over half of the production capacity located iu the Asia/Pacific region (106). The top ranked PET fiber-produciug countries are as follows Taiwan, 16% United States, 15% People s RepubHc of China, 11% Korea, 9% and Japan, 7% (107—109). Woddwide, the top produciug companies of PET fibers are shown iu Table 3 (107-109). 

Vinal fibers, or poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers, are not made in the United States, but the fiber is produced commercially in Japan, Korea, and China where the generic name vinylon is used. These materials are the subject of this article (see also Vinyl polymers, vinyl alcohol polymers). 

The People s RepubHc of China introduced Kuraray technology and started production of PVA fiber by a wet spinning process in 1965. Its annual capacity reached 165,000 tons in 1986 (9). The Democratic People s RepubHc of Korea produce PVA and reportedly have an annual production capacity of 50,000 tons (9). 

AppHcation/type United States Canada Japan South Korea Europe Total number of plants... 

Congress of New Dmg Development, Seoul, South Korea, August 18, 1991) The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea, Seoul, 1991, pp. 547—555. 

The primary manufacturers of daylight-fluorescent pigment at the present time are Dane and Co. (London) Day-Glo Color Corp. (Cleveland, Ohio) Nippon Keiko Kagaku Co. Ltd. (Tokyo) Nippon Shokubai (Osaka) Lawter Chemical Corp. (Skokie, Illinois) Radiant Color, Division of Magmder (Elizabeth, New Jersey) Sinloihi Co., Ltd. (Kamakura, Japan) and U.K. Seung (Busan, Korea). Smaller regional manufacturers are located in China, India, Russia, and Brazil. 

South Korea Korean Ferti1i2ers carbon monoxide process... 

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