The recycling chain

Despite all the obstacles mentioned above, at least some plasties are actually recycled. In France, with regard to garbage, Eeo-Emballage has deeided to recyele bottles and plastic vials. The relevant materials are PET and HDPE. 

A recent ALC (2008) on the bricks used for packaging milk, soups or fruit juices made headhnes [GUI 08a]. These bricks are made in a composite multilayer material comprising cardboard, sometimes waxed, an aluminum film providing the role of barrier to the oxygen, and a polyethylene film to ensure food contact. These intimately hnked layers are difficult to separate and their recychng seems impossible. Despite this, and after taking into account the various environmental impacts, the ALC showed that the bricks were the best packaging solution for such contents. 

However, a decade ago, a manufacturer of chipboard panels demonstrated the possibility of using these bricks to produce panels respecting the rules of the Scientific and Technical Centre for Building for fire resistance and with a rather pleasant appearance. Hence, good recycling solutions without splitting up the components are sometimes possible  

However, in general, we should instead ensure that we use the most efficient method of sorting possible to allow a noblefiiture use for the recycled materials. 

Manual sorting can be efficiently followed by automated ranking utilizing identification by infrared radiation or visible radiation (to separate colors). Identification software controls robots (robots or air flow) which perform the selective removal of objects according to their nature. 

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For the past 15 years, Nippon Recycle Center / Hanil Metal Recycle have been an important link in the recycling chain for NiCd batteries. In so doing they have contributed to enhancing the social utility of NiCd batteries. 

FIGURE 17.58 The decarboxylation of the carboxylate radical is also involved in the Hunsdiecker reaction, a synthesis of alkyl bromides from carboxylic acids. The recycling, chain-propogating carboxyl radical is highlighted. 

Lewis acids, such as the haUde salts of the alkaline-earth metals, Cu(I), Cu(II), 2inc, Fe(III), aluminum, etc, are effective catalysts for this reaction (63). The ammonolysis of polyamides obtained from post-consumer waste has been used to cleave the polymer chain as the first step in a recycle process in which mixtures of nylon-6,6 and nylon-6 can be reconverted to diamine (64). The advantage of this approach Hes in the fact that both the adipamide [628-94-4] and 6-aminohexanoamide can be converted to hexarnethylenediarnine via their respective nitriles in a conventional two-step process in the presence of the diamine formed in the original ammonolysis reaction, thus avoiding a difficult and cosdy separation process. In addition, the mixture of nylon-6,6 and nylon-6 appears to react faster than does either polyamide alone. 

Concern over contaminants entering the food chain through fertilizer removed the first option. Increased cost and regulation has all but removed the second. Thus concentration, or recycling, has become more attractive and ia many cases even a necessity. 

The extensive industrial and commercial utilization of water-soluble polymers (polyelectrolytes) in water treatment has been developed based on the charge along the polymer chains and the resultant water solubility. The use of water-soluble polymers in water treatment has been investigated by several authors [5-26] in the recovery of metals radioactive isotopes, heavy metals, and harmful inorganic residues. This allows recycling water in the industrial processes and so greatly saves... 

The reduced carrier molecules NADFd and FADE , arc recycled in the rcspiratoiy chain. The reoxidation of these intermediaries releases additional energy for use in the production of more ATP ... 

In the living cells of luminous bacteria, FMNH2 is produced by the reduction of FMN with NADH catalyzed by FMN-reductase. This process is, in effect, the recycling of FMN. In the cells, a long-chain aldehyde is produced by the reduction of the corresponding long-chain acid, which is also a recycling process. 

The human genome contains more than 90 different DUBs. Besides cleaving ubiquitin from distinct substrates, DUBs are also responsible for the recycling of free ubiquitin from ubiquitin chains and processing of ubiquitin- or ubiquitin like precursor proteins. Certain DUBs are also associated with the proteasome in order to detach ubiquitin chains before proteolysis. 

Contamination problems act as a barrier to the recycling of PET bottle waste. The presence of impurities that generate acid compounds at the high temperatures reached during the extrusion process prior to blow molding is a major problem in the reprocessing of PET because chain cleavage reactions are acid catalyzed. EVA... 

A Nylon recycle based on depolymerization via ammonolysis has been shown to be a technically feasible route for the recovery of high purity Nylon intermediates (1-6). In the ammonolysis process, the secondary amides of the Nylon (-6 and / or -6,6) fibers/polymers react with ammonia to break the Nylon chain and form a primary amide and an amine (Figure 1). The primary amide can subsequently be dehydrated to form a nitrile group. The net result is that the ammonolysis product is predominantly a mixture of four major components. 

Immobilization of chiral complexes in PDMS membranes offers a method for the generation of new chiral catalytic membranes. The heterogenization of the Jacobsen catalyst is difficult because the catalyst loses its enantioselectivity during immobilization on silica or carbon surfaces whereas the encapsulation in zeolites needs large cages. However, the occlusion of this complex in a PDMS matrix was successful.212 The complex is held sterically within the PDMS chains. The Jacobsen catalyst occluded in the membrane has activity and selectivity for the epoxidation of alkenes similar to that of the homogeneous one, but the immobilized catalyst is recyclable and stable. 

An all India primary survey on the lamp users indicates that average replacement rate per household per year for CFLs and FTLs is about 1.26 and 1.05, respectively. The survey also indicated that majority of consumers are not willing to take the direct responsibility in funding system, therefore, a decentralized system of collection should work in Indian conditions. The recovery chain has to be clearly established with incentive-based roles identified for household consumers, retailers, and junk dealers. Further, the onward linkages must be assured so that the collected wastes are recycled and residues adequately disposed of. 

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