Keyword search

Searching is fast and easy. Along with a simple keyword search, IPN offers alternative searches by patent number, boolean text, and advanced text that allows for multiple field searching. Browsing provides an organized approach to searching for patents. Through a review of specific classifications, you can identify topics and patents of interest. 

Fig. 12.1 Number of publications identified in a Medline search using pharmacogenetics as keyword ( Search for the entire year 2000 and the first half of 2001).

OSHA IMIS Records of workplace inspections, including those prompted by accidents where a worker is injured 1984-Present Information from OSHA field inspections, a third party More accurate description of impacts on employees and contractors Keyword indexing allows for easy search and retrieval Not comprehensive, limited to incidents selected by OSHA Inspections without abstracts cannot be keyword searched causal information unavailable Designed to assist compliance enforcement, not to report on incident causes Limited information from State-Plan states Not designed to be a lessons-leamed database... 

In the bioinformatics realm, SRS (Sequence Retrieval System) [2] is a popular system, which uses a centralized collection of data resources primarily in flat text file form and, more recently, handles XML (Extensible Markup Language) files as well. Data resources are treated in a federated manner since each is maintained in its original form. However, SRS contains a large number of cross-references between corresponding fields in various data sources, so that keyword searches can be done across them. SRS thus performs more structured searches across the information than what a simple text search provides (such as web indexes perform, for example). Even though the data model implicit in the cross-reference tables is not very deep, SRS provides a useful way for users to browse and do simple queries across a large number of data sources as well as to integrate results from some computational methods. 

Lipitor is currently one of the best selling drugs for lowering cholesterol. Searching in WDI for Lipitor produces the page shown in Figure 10.1 [46]. The preferred name is Atorvastatin Calcium . WDI has information about the pharmacology, indications, interactions, and so on, hyperlinked for keyword search. 

Healthftnder is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers hnks to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at httpv/www healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database ... 

Instead of painstakingly reading the employment section of your newspaper, which is time-consuming and typically lists only jobs in your geographic area, free services like The Monster Board allow you to use keyword searches to find the job opportunities for which you re most suited. The best thing about performing these online searches is that it doesn t take hours—it takes seconds. 

Appendix C offers a listing of news-oriented sites worth visiting when performing research. At any of these sites, you can perform keyword searches to find the specific information for which you re looking. Another source of company information is the career-related websites. Many of these sites contain background information about the employers that advertise job openings on their sites. 

A keyword search will match words found anywhere in the title. It is thus broader and more flexible than a title search, although it may still fail if all keywords are not present. 

The ExPASy server (www.expasy.chl is one of the most useful servers, where almost any bioinforma tic tool can be found, together with useful links to other websites such as NCBI or EBI. The several access databases are descriptive, easy to follow, and up to date. Protein data bank searches with SwissProt or Trembl, as well as sequence alignments using either SimAlign (for two sequences) or ClustalW (for more than two protein sequences) can be started from ExPASy, to name just a few of the possibilities available. Access is also given to the Roche Applied Science Biochemical pathways where either keyword searches for particular enzymes or for metabolites can be performed, or entire metabolic pathways or sections thereof can be visualized. Proteomics evaluation is also available on ExPASy, which features free 2D-PAGE software called Melanie. 

A major hurdle is still a lack of definitive data describing how and when the cells are capable of repair. This may sound paradox, considering the number of preclinical studies and clinical studies that have been published in the field (i.e., 1235 Pubmed hits on keyword search for heart and cell transplantation ). However, more than ten different cell types have been proposed and delivered using more than five different techniques in more than six models of acute or chronic injury in more than eight different species. This alone allows a minimal potential number of 2400 possible combinations to be tested. For us to determine the best cell would demand side-by-side comparisons in a given disease. 

Figure 5.7. Amino acid index databases for physicochemical properties. The physicochemical properties, conformational parameters, and mutational indexes can be retrieved from AAindex database using keyword search.

Substructure and keyword searches including bioactivity, potency and selectivity data, structure-activity relationships, pattern recognition, Boolean searches, and modeling... 

Compendex Database keyword search returned 171 titles for pentacene in 2004 records. 

It is equally important that the evaluation of initial assignment of sequences to a superfamily be made from structural rather than functional criteria. This avoids, for example, trivial but important errors from the use of keyword searches to identify members of a superfamily. It also avoids early bias in determining residues/motifs that are conserved across all members of a superfamily. Multiple alignment and motif analysis provide sensitive methods for structure-based confirmation of sequence similarity. Scoring systems that can be applied to such methods provide verification of the statistical significance associated with the comparisons. 

Isoelectric focusing is a mature separation technique that has a place in any laboratory doing work with proteins. The analysis of a protein is not complete without a determination of its isoelectric point and all protein databases have at least estimates of the pis of the represented proteins. Proteins thought to be pure by other methods are often found to be mixtures of several proteins when analyzed by IEF. Isomeric forms of the same protein that are revealed by IEF are valuable indicators of mutations or differences in posttranslational modifications. IEF plays a crucial role in 2-D PAGE and preparative IEF allows for high-purity fractionations of unparalleled resolution. A simple keyword search of literature databases shows that about 500 journal articles are written per year referring to IEF. This amply attests to the value of IEF as a tool for protein analysis and purification. 

Another way he approaches the literature is by research program. He finds this to be a good way to organize information. He knows the players in the field or uses WOS if he does not to find out who the major players or research labs are. For him, an ideal tool would be one that would give him the ability to drop PDFs on an interactive map of the world that showed the research labs. When he wanted information on a topic, he would be able to mouse over the map and get information on the various labs research (probably the material he stored and additional information too). He thinks lots of researchers view the information world in this manner. He does not like the way SciFinder Scholar displays the bibliographic results from a keyword search, and that is one reason he uses WOS. 

A keyword search will provide access to coordinate sets from all species that are currently available as well as various site-directed mutants, type 1 copper proteins substituted with metals other than copper, and ruthenated blue copper protein derivatives. Table 1 provides a summary (with references) of the structures of blue copper-binding domains elucidated using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. 

Chemical Journals On-line is a database that contains the full text of many chemical journals. This database does not give complete coverage of all chemistry journals and does not cover issues published before 1982, but it does allow rapid keyword searching of the full text of those included, and short portions of the articles along with bibliographical data can be displayed. Consequently it is a very powerful means of searching the journals that are included and is particularly useful where the original paper versions of the journals are unavailable. 

As was the case with the second edition, the online version includes everything in the print version and also offers the convenience of a keyword search engine as well as the inclusion of color illustrations. New and revise articles will be digitally posted quarterly and available to all subscribers of the electronic version. 

In (a) the graph shows both keyword search results and (b) shows only the results for publications related to green/clean analytical methods, (Reproduced with permission from Reference 5. Copyright 2007 American Chemical Society),... 

Quick Search Title, abstract, keywords search tips Joumal/book title I... 

As you search your electronic sources, remember that you may have to try a variety of keywords (and their synonyms) to find what you need. Sometimes your keyword search may turn up too few leads—and sometimes you may be overwhelmed with too many matches (For example, when Amy Lawrence typed in the keyword Anastasia, she discovered too many irrelevant entries focusing on Hollywood movies about the princess.) To save time and effort, you may be able to broaden or narrow your search by typing in words called Boolean operators as illustrated below ... 

Figure 4.8 graphically illustrates the result of a simple keyword search of SciFinder using the name reactions and pyridine. The pubhcation frequency shows the dramatic increase in use of these cross-coupling reactions over the past 10 years. In particular, the Sonogashira and the Suzuki reactions have experienced a geometric increase in use. 

Unfortunately, the combination of reaction searches with keywords is cumbersome first, one needs to run a reaction search (e.g., substructure-based), then all relevant citations have to be retrieved into a hit set, and finally a keyword search on these citations is performed. 

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