Metals Other than Copper

A variety of mineral ores, mostly copper minerals such as malachite and chrysocolla, were probably the most used green pigments in the past. Various green minerals derived from metals other than copper, such as green earth (see below) were used in confined regions. 

More recently, Pfaltz has reported high enantioselectivities for the cyclopropanation of monosubstituted alkenes and dienes with diazo carbonyl compounds using chiral (semicorrinato)copper complexes (P-Cu) (23-25), and Evans, Masamune, and Pfaltz subsequently discovered exceptional enantioselectivities in intermolecular cyclopropanation reactions with the analogous bis-oxazoline copper complexes (26-28). With the exception of the chiral (camphorquinone dioximato)cobalt(II) catalysts (N-Co) reported by Nakamura and coworkers (29,30), whose reactivities and selectivities differ considerably from copper catalysts, chiral complexes of metals other than copper have not exhibited similar promise for high optical yields in cyclopropanation reactions (37). 

A keyword search will provide access to coordinate sets from all species that are currently available as well as various site-directed mutants, type 1 copper proteins substituted with metals other than copper, and ruthenated blue copper protein derivatives. Table 1 provides a summary (with references) of the structures of blue copper-binding domains elucidated using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. 

Research metals other than copper, sodium, and aluminum that are manufactured or refined electrochemically. 

In this chapter, the substitution reactions of organometallic reagents with organic halides and related electrophiles are reviewed. - The major portion of the chapter is devoted to a discussion of organocopper compounds, which first transformed the alkylation of nonstabilized carbanions into a reaction of general synthetic utility. More recently, transition metals other than copper have also found widespread application in such coupling reactions, and developments in this area are outlined in Section 1.5.3. 

Although the first catalysts were copper-based, the insertion of metal-associated carbenes into carbon-hydrogen bonds has undergone a renaissance with the advent of rhodium(II) carboxylate catalysts [56]. Metal-catalyzed enan-tioselective C-H insertions of carbenes have not been studied in great detail. Most of the efficient enantioselective versions of this reaction involve chiral rhodium complexes and until recently, the use of chiral catalysts derived from metals other than copper and rhodium for the asymmetric C-H insertion of metal-associated carbenes are still unexplored. 

In conclusion, a general and efficient methodology has not yet been developed with chiral metal complexes involving metals other than copper and rhodium, for the asymmetric C-H insertion of carbenoids. 

One of the primary requisites for a good redox catalyst is metallic character. Any material which loses this property upon exposure to automobile exhaust will not be an effective NO catalyst. From the above considerations, one would predict that all noble metals actiye for NO reduction will be immune from chemical poisoning by sulfur and oxygen. On the other hand, any base metal active for NO reduction will be chemically poisoned by sulfide or sulfate formation as long as any sulfur is present in the system. These predictions are generally confirmed by experience. Any base metal other than copper will probably be chemically poisoned by oxygen in the molecular form or derived from water. 

Though there are metals other than copper (such as iron, manganese and cobalt) that can accelerate thermal oxidation of polyolefins and related polymers such as EPDM, in practice, however, the inhibition of copper-catalyzed degradation of polyolefins is of paramount importance because of the steadily increasing use of polyolefin insulation over copper conductors. Among polyolefins, polyethylene is still the most common primary insulation material for wire and cable. In the United States, high-density polyethylene and ethylenepropylene copolymers are used in substantial amounts for communications wire insulation. 

Data on the elementary composition of hemocyanins from many species are reported in Table V. According to their copper content hemocyanins are divided in two groups those of molluscs in which it amounts to 0.24-0.26% of the dry weight and those of arthropods in which it accounts for only 0.17-0.18%. Discrepancies in the values reported by earlier authors must be attributed either to impurities present or to the method of determination. The hemocyanins do not contain any heavy metal other than copper (Gatterer and Philippi, 1933). Hernler and Philippi (1933) measured 11.5% water in crystalline hemocyanin, a relatively low value compared with other proteins. The sulfur content is also fairly low, 0.7-1.2% in all hemocyanins examined, and appears to have no relation with the copper content. In hemocyanin from Umultts poliphemus the sulfur derives half from cystine and half from methionine (Mazur, 1937). 

In similar circumstances, silver salts leave a residue of metallic silver lead and copper salts usually leave a residue of the corresponding oxide calcium and barium salts leave a resirlne of the carbonate or oxide. Identify the metal in all such cases by the usual tests of qualitative inorganic analysis. Metals other than the above are seldom encountered in elementan qualitative analysis. 

Many nonferrous metals can be extracted by reduction smelting, eg, copper, tin, nickel, cobalt, silver, antimony, and bismuth. Blast furnaces are sometimes used for the smelting of copper or tin, but flash and reverberatory furnaces are more common for metals other than lead. 

Reactions Catalyzed by Transition Metals other than Palladium and Copper... 

Reacts with oxides of copper, zinc, silver and many metals other than those of Group lA and Mg at high temperatures, decomposing to N2 and water. 

The hydrogenation of but-2-yne in the gas phase has been investigated using alumina-supported Group VIII metals, other than palladium, and over copper—alumina [200,201], With the exception of copper, which was 100% stereoselective for c/s-but-2-ene formation, the distribution of the initial reaction products, as shown in Table 20, are more complex than was observed with palladium. 

A general approach for predicting Jahn-Teller distortions of copper(II) hexa-amines has recently been published, and it has the potential to be applied to donor atoms other than nitrogen, metal centers other than copper(II), and various types of coordination polyhedra11641. The method is based on a harmonic first-order model11651 where the Jahn-Teller stabilization energy is the result of the Qg distortion mode (Fig. 11.1, Eqs. 11.3, 11.4). 

Never use metal other than stainless steel. In particular, do not use iron, copper, aluminum, or tin. 

TABLE IV Some Solvent Extraction Processes for Metals Other Than Uranium, Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt... 

If the terminal metals are made, as they usually will be, of a metal other than platinum, no difference is made to this argument if of copper, a platinum-copper contact potential is added to the right-hand end of this chain of phases, and a copper-zinc one is substituted for a platinum-zinc one at the left-hand end. The difference between the copper-zinc and the copper-platinum contact potentials is equal to the zinc-platinum contact potential, so that the e.m.f. of the cell is unaffected. It is always the platinum-metal contact potential that is included. 

Indeed, many metals other than magnesium have been activated and used in the synthesis of many organic compounds [55]. Most notably, copper, zinc, calcium, indium, cadmium, nickel, aluminum, and barium have been activated and used in the synthesis of many complex molecules [56]. 

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