Juniper tree

Ramsay 1 has isolated a crystalline sesquiterpene alcohol from the essential oil distilled from the bark of the juniper tree. It forms optically inactive triclinic crystals, melting at 107°, and having the formula CjjH O. 

In spring the fungus first attacks the juniper bush. In wet weather the spore deposits on the juniper trees can swell up and get on to the pear tree leaves, where they penetrate and produce orange-red patches on the top after 3-4 weeks. The spore deposits are formed on the underside of the leaf. These spores return to the juniper trees, where the pathogen overwinters. 

Dioscorides. Sometimes the unlearned imagine that Sandarac is a Medicinal Gum, and almost all the Laboratories identify it with the Resin of the Juniper Tree. Sandarac is a Metallic Substance. 

Podophyllotoxin (5./7), from Podophyllum peltatum, the tropical squirting cucumber , strongly inhibits the polymerization of tubulin and is used in dermatology to destroy warts and other skin neoplasms. Deoxy-podophyllo-toxin, from the berries of the juniper tree, has anti-viral activity. Etoposide, a semi-synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin, is used clinically for the treatment of otherwise fatal tumours. Chemically it is demethyl-1-0-(4,6-0-ethylidene-)8-D-glucopyranosyl)epipodophyllotoxin. It does not seem to prevent the synthesis of microtubules, but a decrease in DNA synthesis is noted (Loike, 1984). 

More than 200 diterpenes with an abietane skeleton are reported to exist naturally Numerous representatives oeeur in conifers. Selected examples include palustra-diene, also referred to as (-)-8,13-abietadiene, from the pine tree Pintds palustris, from the so-called berries of the sade tree Juniperus sabina (Cupressaceae) and other species of juniper trees, (-)-abietenol from the pine Pinus silvestris and the fir Abies sibirica, (-)-abietic aeid belonging to the resin acids of turpentine and wide-spread in conifers such as various pines Pinus), larch trees Larix) and firs Abies), as well as (+)-palustric acid from the balm and the roots of Pinus palustris, isolated from gum rosin. 

Different types of woods are generally classified as softwood if they come from conifers or hardwood if they were lumbered from deciduous trees. Look up the densities of some softwood trees, such as spruce or juniper, and compare these with hardwoods, such as elm or... 

The plants that exude diterpenoid resins belong to the order of conifers. Pine resins (from the Firms genus), Strasburg turpentine (from the Abies genus), Venice turpentine (from Larix decidua) were extracted from Pinaceae. Sandarac, juniper and cypress resins were extracted from trees of the Cupressaceae family Tetraclinis articulata, Juniperus spp. and Cupressus semprevirens, respectively. Moreover, labdanum resin from the Cistaceae family (Cistus spp.) also belongs to the diterpenoid resins. 

Figure 2.16 Three labdane resin acid compounds (a) isocupressic acid, (b) the acetyl derivative acetlisocupressic, and (c) the succinyl derivative succinylisocupressic, found in certain pine, juniper and cypress trees and which are abortifacient in late-term pregnant cattle.

These materials seem best adapted for deweeding coniferous tree species, such as pines and junipers, which have considerable resistance to the oil sprays. Broadleaf species such as elm and walnut are seriously damaged or killed by moderate dosages of the oil sprays, and much research is needed to find if any of this group of plants are sufficiently resistant to warrant use of the mineral spirits as a selective herbicide. 

Materials Leaves and branches of bush or tree found in northwestern Himalayan area. Berries of some juniper species are used in gin. 

Terpinene Found in essential oils of tea tree and juniper. 

The only control measure which has been found effective is to remove all juniper bushes within a radius of 30-50 metres from the pear trees. 

At the same time there are two major push factors at influence in the Highlands. The first is the move to increase the biodiversity of the area and to move away from extensive plantations of single species conifers of alien species. This is occurring through the regeneration of the traditional mixed native woodlands of Scots pine, (Pinus sylvestris), birch, (Betula alba and pendula) and other native trees and an under story of species such as juniper (Juniper communis), wild cranberries, (Vaccinium macrocarpa) and blaeberries, (Vaccinium myrtillus). 

There are two plans of branching in trees. When the trunk, or main stem, extends vertically upward to the tip, as it does in the junipers, spruces and other conical trees, the type of branching is called excurrent-, when it divides into several more or less equal divisions as in the elm and other spreading trees, it is said to be deliquescent. The deliquescent plan is the more common one among our deciduous trees. 

Junipers are a large group of evergreen trees and shrubs. Foliage in young plants is aw l-shaped, in mature plants, flat and scalelike. In some cases, both types of foliage can exist... 

Prevention and Control Sulfur dioxide is an air pollutant, primarily a result of industrial processes. Where these pollutants are a problem, grow tolerant trees such as ginkgos, junipers, sycamores, and arborvitae. Vegetables that tolerate sulfur dioxide include cucumbers, corn, and onions. 

The expressions are functionally similar to those derived from under canopy flow. Artificial plastic trees were selected by Meroney [410] to reproduce the median behavior of measurements made about live trees (Colorado Blue Spruce, Juniper, Pine, and... 

Turpentine, which is the sap of coniferous trees, contains in addition to terpenes a non-volatile compound of unknown structure, called abietic anhydride. When the sap is distilled with steam, there are obtained oil of turpentine and abietic acid, C19H28O2, which is non-volatile when the distillation is made without steam the residue is called rosin or colophony. Pinene is the fraction of oil of turpentine which boils at 156° it has the specific gravity 0.86 at 25°. Pinene is present in the oils of rosemary, lemon, sage, juniper, thyme, and anise, and in other essential oils. The structural formulas assigned to pinene is as follows —... 

Carene (3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene) is a component of the oil of turpentine from the tropieal pine Firms longifolia, also occurring in some species of fir Abies), juniper Juniperus) and Citrus. The ethereal oil from wood pine trees Firms silvestris contains the enantiomer (-)-3-carene. Carboxylic acids derived from carane and carene sueh as (+)-chaminic acid are found in Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Cupressaeeae). 

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