Items defined

The mean value x of a property x is a statistic based on a sample of n items defined by... 

The spreadsheet will be used in department/group/area ABC. The spreadsheet will be used after successful validation (or the spreadsheet is in use since [DATE], if validation is performed retrospectively). John Doe developed the spreadsheet. Jim Doe will perform the validation. Validation will include items... [define which sections (e.g., requirements, design, tests) will be applicable to the validation]. 

Accumulated test time will be determined by pre-smned operating time of the item defined by the standard (see GS 95 001) which is equivalent to the simulated operating time ts = 6 000 hours and a mnnber of tested items in each sample = 10. Accumulated test time will be calculated following the formula ... 

It should be noted here that the lEC 61508 standard places much importance on the role of project management in the delivery of a safety instrumented system. In part 1 of the standard clause 6 provides two pages of items defining the management and technical activities that are necessary for the achievement of the requiredfunctional safety. ... 

Political economic differences and market position have also influenced how the Bologna Process has unfolded across Europe. A biennial self-assessment conducted under the Bologna Process since 2005 has demonstrated that there has been substantial variation in how quickly the ten action lines (action items) defined over the course of three key ministerial meetings between 1999 and 2003 were picked up by the different EU countries (Terry, 2008). Taking the 2005 data as an... 

Once the flowsheet structure has been defined, a simulation of the process can be carried out. A simulation is a mathematical model of the process which attempts to predict how the process would behave if it was constructed (see Fig. 1.1b). Having created a model of the process, we assume the flow rates, compositions, temperatures, and pressures of the feeds. The simulation model then predicts the flow rates, compositions, temperatures, and pressures of the products. It also allows the individual items of equipment in the process to be sized and predicts how much raw material is being used, how much energy is being consumed, etc. The performance of the design can then be evaluated. 

The treatment of expenditures will be specified by the fiscal system set by the host government. A typical case would be to define expenditure on items whose useful life exceeds one year as capital expenditure (capex), such as costs of platforms, pipelines, wells. Items whose useful life is less than one year (e.g. chemicals, services, maintenance, overheads, insurance costs) would then be classed as operating expenditure (opex). 

Templates for each of the joint configurations are stored within the system. The operator selects one of the templates, and is provided with a visual representation, as shown in Figure 3, on which he can alter the Joint dimensions and weld geometry to match those of the item to be examined any ae-cess restrictions can also be defined. Using information from a database of available probes, along with the examination level required, ProcGen then calculates the set of scans required (see Figure 4). 

The Self-defining Text Archive and Retrieval (STAR) file format addresses primarily the problem of the inflexibility of the PDB file format, its fixed sets of allowable fields, and their strong dependence on order, To overcome the problems described, both the data. structure and the actual data items within a STAR file arc self-defined, which means that they are preceeded by corresponding names (labels) which identify and describe the data. The data may be of any type and there is no predefined order of the data. STAR files, in contrast to PDB files, are easy to read and write manually. The whole syntax of STAR files is very simple and is defined by only a few rules ... 

The set of possible data names can be restricted by a diction-aiy. which specifies which names can be used within a file to conform to the specified dictionary. Dictionaries can also be used to specify which data items will be processed by some software. In this case entries not defined by an appropriate dictionaiy will simply be ignored. Dictionaries arc defined in so-callcd dictionary definition language (DDL). Several commonly used dictionaries arc shown in Tabic 2-9. Two of them (GIF and mmCIF) arc discu.sscd below in greater detail. 

The CIF format not only defines its dictionary of available data names, but restricts the STAR file syntax as well. For example, lines may not exceed 80 characters and data names can contain a maximum of 32 characters. Furthermore, the CIF dictionaiy specifies default units for numeric fields that represent numeric values with units. If the data item is not stored in the default units, then the units code is appended to the data name. Thus cell length a and cell length a pm represent the dimensions ofthe unit cell in Angstrom (the default units conforming to the SI Standard) and picomclcrs, respectively. 

Tableting, pressing, mol ding, and extrusion operations are commonly used to produce agglomerates of well-defined shape, dimensions, and uniformity in which the properties of each item are important and output is measured in pieces per hour (see Ceramics, ceramics processing Pharmaceuticals Metallurgy, powderp tallurgy Plastics processing).

Many components of ships and marine stmctures are now coated in the shop under controlled conditions to reduce the amount of solvents released into the atmosphere, improve the quaUty of work, and reduce cost. Regulations designed to limit the release of volatile organic compounds into the air confine methods of shop apphcation to those having transfer efficiencies of 65%. Transfer efficiency is defined as the percent of the mass or volume of sohd coating that is actually deposited on the item being coated, and is calculated as... 

The fixed capital estimate depends on the definition of the plant. A grass-roots plant is a complete faciUty at a new location, including all utihties, services, storage faciUties, land, and improvements. If a process plant is located at an existing processing complex, it can usually share some of these auxihary faciUties. A battery-limits plant is defined as the process faciUty itself, so that the auxiUaries, off-site, and land-related items are excluded from the fixed capital estimation. However, a battery-limits plant maybe assigned allocated capital charges for the share of common utihty and service faciUties used by the plant. 

Nature In an experiment in which one samples from a relatively small group of items, each of which is classified in one of two categories, A or B, the hypergeometric distribution can be defined. One example is the probabihty of drawing two red and two black cards from a deck of cards. The hypergeometric distribution is the analog of the binomial distribution when successive trials are not independent, i.e., when the total group of items is not infinite. This happens when the drawn items are not replaced. 

As for the contribution efficiency T[, it is the ratio of (1) the annual profit that can actually be achieved in a given year for a given sales volume to (2) the profit that could be obtained if no repayment of capital or interest were required and all fixed-expense items were credited free to the project. It is defined by... 

NOTE The asterisk on all items not otherwise defined indicates the standard cost for that item. 

Total Capital Cost The installed cost of the fixed-capital investment Cpc is obviously an essential item which must be forecast before an investment decision can be made. It forms pai4 of the total capital investment Cfc, defined by Eq. (9-14). The fixed-capital investment is usually regarded as the capital needed to provide all the depreciable facihties. It is sometimes divided into two classes by defining battery limits and auxiliaiy facilities for the project. The boundary for batteiy limits includes all manufacturing equipment but excludes administrative offices, storage areas, utihties, and other essential and nonessential auxihaiy facilities. 

Base equipment includes all equipment within the battery limits whose cost is as significant as the cost of a pump. For example, storage tanks, knockout drums, accumulators, heat exchangers, and pumps are classed as main-plant items (MPl). Early in the development of the process-flow diagram, it is advisable to increase the estimated (MPl) cost by 10 to 20 percent to allow for later additions. When the scope of the process has been well defined, (MPl) costs should be increased by 1 to 10 percent. 

Bidispersed Particles For particles of radius Cp comprising adsorptive subparticles of radius r, that define a macropore network, conservation equations are needed to describe transport both within the macropores and within the subparticles and are given in Table 16-11, item D. Detailed equations and solutions for a hnear isotherm are given in Ruthven (gen. refs., p. 183) and Ruckenstein et al. [Chem. Eng. Sci., 26, 1306 (1971)]. The solution for a linear isotherm with no external resistance and an infinite fluid volume is ... 

Problem Definition InteUigent selection of a separator requires a careful and complete statement of the nature of the separation problem. Focusing narrowly on the specific problem, however, is not sufficient, especi ly if the separation is to be one of the steps in a new process. Instead, the problem must be defined as broadly as possible, beginning with the chemical reactor or other source of material to be separated and ending with the separated materials in their desired final form. In this way the influence of preceding and subsequent process steps on the separation step will be iUuminated. Sometimes, of course, the new separator is proposed to replace an existing unit the new separator must then fit into the current process and accept feed materials of more or less fixed characteristics. At other times the separator is only one item in a train of new equipment, all parts of which must work in harmony if the separator is to be effective. 

The project review process involves multiple steps that should be definea in management gmdelines (CCPS, 1993, pp. 57-61). The steps include (1) review pohcy, (2) review scheduling, (3) reviewtech-nique, (4) review team representation, (5) review documentation, (6) review follow-up, (7) review follow-up verification, and (8) review procedures change management. These steps define how a review, whether it be a safety review, environmental review, pre-start-up review, or whatever, is conducted and how closure of review aclion items is achieved. 

Section 313 requires that reports be filed by facilities," which are defined as all buildings, equipment, structures, and other stationary items which are located on a single site or on contiguous or adjacent sites and which are owned or operated by the same person." The SIC code system, however, classifies business establishments," which are defined as distinct and separate economic activities [thatj are performed at a single physical location."... 

Article Exemptions. You do not have to factor into threshold or release determinations quantities of a listed toxic chemical contained In an article when that article is processed or used at your facility. An article is defined as a manufactured item that is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture, that has end-use functions dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end-use, and that does not release a toxic chemical under normal conditions of the processing or use of that item at the facility. 

Failure is considered both on a local basis i.e., loss of utihty supply to one item of equipment (e.g., electric power to a pump motor) and on a general basis i.e., loss of supply to all consuming equipment in a process unit (e.g., cooling water to all coolers and condensers). For the purpose of these pressure rehef design considerations, a process unit is defined as one which meets all the following criteria ... 

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