Isopropyl ether, solvent

Equilibrium data on rectangular coordinates. Since triangular diagrams have some disadvantages because of the special coordinates, a more useful method of plotting the three component data is to use rectangular coordinates. This is shown in Fig. 12.5-3 for the system acetic acid (i4)-water (B)-isopropyl ether solvent (C). Data are from the Appendix A.3 for this system. The solvent pair B and C are partially miscible. The concentration of the component C is plotted on the vertical axis and that of A on the horizontal axis. The concentration of component B is obtained by difference from Eqs. (12.5-2) or (12.5-3). 

Isopropyl Ether. Isopropyl ether is manufactured by the dehydration of isopropyl alcohol with sulfuric acid. It is obtained in large quantities as a by-product in the manufacture of isopropyl alcohol from propylene by the sulfuric acid process, very similar to the production of ethyl ether from ethylene. Isopropyl ether is of moderate importance as an industrial solvent, since its boiling point Hes between that of ethyl ether and acetone. Isopropyl ether very readily forms hazardous peroxides and hydroperoxides, much more so than other ethers. However, this tendency can be controlled with commercial antioxidant additives. Therefore, it is also being promoted as another possible ether to be used in gasoline (33). 

SO as to end the air mixture to adsorber No. 2. The system is then fully automatic. Solvents which have been successfully recovered by the activated carbon adsorption method include methanol, ethanol, butanol, chlorinated hydrocarbons including perchlorethylene, which boils at 121 C (250 °F), ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, the acetates up to amyl acetate, benzene, toluene, xylene, mineral spirits, naphtha, gasoline, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, hexane, carbon disulfide, and others. 

Preparation of 4-aza-S-(N-methyl-4-piperidyll-10,11-dihydro-SH-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-S-ol Add 17.4 g of N-methyl-4-chloropiperidine to a stirred mixture containing 3.2 g of magnesium, 20 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, 1 ml of ethyl bromide and a crystal of iodine. Reflux for two hours, cool to 30°-35°C and add a solution of 13 g of 4-aza-10,11 -dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cycloheptene-5-one in 25 ml of tetrahydrofuran. Stir for five hours, remove the solvent by distillation in vacuo and add 250 ml of ether. Add 100 ml of 10% ammonium chloride solution and extract the mixture with chloroform. Concentrate the chloroform solution to a residue and recrystallize from isopropyl ether obtaining 20 g of the carbinol,... 

A solution of 1-piperazino ethyl acetate (Q2 mol) in benzene (300 ml) is treated with 3,4.5-trimethoxy cinnamoyl chloride (0,2 mol) in the presence of sodium bicarbonate (0.3 mol). After contacting for one hour at room temperature, the mixture is refluxed for a further hour. The benzene solution is then treated with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate. After evaporation of the solvent, a solid product is obtained which is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Melting point = 96°C. This base, when treated with hydrochloric acid, gives a hydrochloride having a melting point of 200°C with decomposition. By the action of malaic acid the acid maleate is obtained, having a melting point of 130°C. 

The methyl benzoate thus formed is eliminated by steam distillation, and 2.140 g of crude product are obtained, which are dissolved in 20 cc of methylene chloride. This solution is passed through 10 parts of magnesium silicate, elution being performed with 250 cc of methylene chloride containing 5% of acetone. After evaporation of the solvent 2.050 g of product is recovered, which is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. 

Samples for studies of CDx effects on fluorescence enhancement in organic solution were prepared using pyrene, because pyrene possesses a long lifetime and is very susceptible to quenching and enhancement in solution (23). An aliquot of pyrene stock solution in cyclohexane was placed under a nitrogen purge to evaporate the cyclohexane. Samples were redissolved in a 1 A mixture of Isopropyl ether and 1-butanol, which was saturated with aqueous CDx solution. Pyrene samples were also prepared in which the organic solvent was not saturated with CDx solution. The mixed solvent was used in order to minimize the effects of ether evaporation and thus allow more accurate quantitation. Fluorescence measurements were made on diluted samples of these solutions. The solvent used to make up the... 

Eluent components should be volatile. Solvents such as ethyl acetate, isopropyl ether, diethylketone, chloroform, dichloromethane, and toluene as modifiers and n-hexane as diluent are recommended for normal phase chromatography. For reversed-phase systems, methanol or acetonitrile are used as modifiers. Such components as acetic acid or buffers, as well as ion association reagents, should be avoided. 

Example 10.3 A feed with a flowrate of 1000 kg-h 1 contains 30% acetic acid by mass in aqueous solution. The acetic acid (AA) is to be extracted with isopropyl ether to produce a raffinate with 2% by mass on a solvent-free basis. Equilibrium data are given in Table 10.11,8. 

Phenolsolvan A process for extracting phenols from coke-oven liquor and tar acids from tar by selective solvent extraction with di-isopropyl ether (formerly with -butyl acetate). Developed by Luigi in 1937. 

Prayon One of the Wet processes for making phosphoric acid by reacting phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. The byproduct is gypsum, calcium sulfate dihydrate. It uses a compartmentalized, multi-section, lined, concrete reactor, with finishing tanks in which the gypsum crystals mature. In 1990 one third of the wet process phosphoric acid made in the Western World was made in this way. The process was developed in 1977 by the Societe de Prayon, Belgium. Variations are known as PH2, PHI 1, and PH12. One variation uses solvent extraction with isopropyl ether and tri-n-butyl phosphate. 

Sepasolv MPE [Methyl isopropyl ester] A variation on the Selexol process, using the methyl isopropyl ethers of polyethylene glycol as the solvent. Developed by BASF. Four commercial plants were operating in 1985, removing hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. Wolfer, W., Hydrocarbon Process., 1982,61(11), 193. 

The different behavior of technetium and rhenium may arise because Re (VII) is not reduced by xanthic acid to the same oxidation state as Tc (VII). Other suitable extracting solvents are chloroform, 1.1.1-trichloroethane and isopropyl ether. 

Initially the process utilized butyl acetate as a solvent, but more recently isopropyl ether has been used, although the latter has a much lower partition coefficient for phenol. The reason for this choice of solvent is that the separation of solvent and phenol by distillation is easier and less costly. 

In addition, isopropyl ether is not subject to hydrolysis, which can be a problem when using esters as solvents. 

The solvents most commonly employed are water, ethyl and methyl alcohol, ether, benzene, petroleum ether, acetone, glacial acetic acid also two or three solvents may be mixed to get the desired effect as described later. If you still cannot dissolve the compound, try some of these chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, pyridine, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid (acids are usually diluted first), nitrobenzene, aniline, phenol, dioxan, ethylene dichloride, di, tri, tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, dichloroethyl ether, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, tetralin, decalin, triacetin, ethylene glycol and its esters and ethers, butyl alcohol, diacetone alcohol, ethyl lactate, isopropyl ether, etc. 

Commonly used solvents inclnde liqnid carbon dioxide, propane, bntane, light oil, triethy-lamine, acetone, methanol, hexane, dimethyl ether, cmde oil, benzene, isopropyl ether, toluene, tricresyl phosphate, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl chloride, and bntyl acetate. In addition to remediation uses, solvent extraction has been applied in a variety of indnstries, including food processing, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and mining and minerals processing. 

Schugerl 115] has recently furnished a detail analysis of the reactive extraction of penicdlin-G and V and precursors like phenyl and phenoxy acetic acids. Thirty different amines have been studied for reactive extraction of penicillins 116] in various solvents such as butyl acetate, chloroform, di-isopropyl ether, kerosene, dioctyl ether, etc. Tertiary amines in n-butyl acetate were found to be advantageous because of their low reactivity with solvent but the distribution coefficients of their complexes are significantly lower than those of secondary amines. While using quaternary ammonium salts for ion-exchange extraction, re-extraction is difficult and very large amounts of anion (e.g.. Cl ) are needed to recover penicillins. The basic relationship for distribution coefficient and extraction kinetics have now been fairly developed for amine-penicillin systems. 

ThermodynaMc Smdy of Complex Formation by Hydrogen Bonding in Halo-genoalkane-Oxygenated Solvent Mixtures—Halothane With Propyl Ether, Isopropyl Ether, 1,4-Dioxane, and 2,5-Dioxahexane (Dohnal et al., 1996)... 

Problem 14.55 Prepare the following ethers starting with benzene, toluene, phenol (C H OH), cyclohexanol, any aliphatic compound of three C s or less and any solvent or inorganic reagent a) dibenzyl ether, b) di-/i-butyl ether, (c) ethyl isopropyl ether, d) cyclohexyl methyl ether, (e) p-nitrophenyl ethyl ether, (/) divinyl ether (g) diphenyl ether. <... 

Use of more efficient solvents (tetrahydrofuran, isopropyl ether, dimethoxyethane) or more soluble metal hydride reagents (sodium borohydride, lithium tributoxy aluminum hydride, sodium bis(2-methoxyethyl) aluminum hydride) favors the alternative reduction pathway to the hydroquinone. 

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