Irritation to the skin

Sodium fluoroacetate, which is not volatile and not irritating to the skin, is used as a rodenticide. It is made from CH2ClC02Et and KF, which react to give ethyl fluoroacetate, which is then hydrolysed with NaOH in methyl alcohol. 

Toxicity. Fluorine is extremely corrosive and irritating to the skin. Inhalation at even low concentrations irritates the respiratory tract at high concentrations fluorine inhalation may result in severe lung congestion. 

Methanol is not classified as carcinogenic, but can be acutely toxic if ingested 100—250 mL may be fatal or result in blindness. The principal physiological effect is acidosis resulting from oxidation of methanol to formic acid. Methanol is a general irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. Prolonged skin contact with methanol vapor or Hquid can cause dermatitis. Methanol vapor can cause eye and respiratory tract irritation, nausea, headaches, and dizziness. 

Toxicology. The acute oral and dermal toxicity of naphthalene is low with LD q values for rats from 1780—2500 mg/kg orally (41) and greater than 2000 mg/kg dermally. The inhalation of naphthalene vapors may cause headache, nausea, confusion, and profuse perspiration, and if exposure is severe, vomiting, optic neuritis, and hematuria may occur (28). Chronic exposure studies conducted by the NTP ia mice for two years showed that naphthalene caused irritation to the nasal passages, but no other overt toxicity was noted. Rabbits that received 1—2 g/d of naphthalene either orally or hypodermically developed changes ia the lens of the eye after a few days, foUowed by definite opacity of the lens after several days (41). Rare cases of such corneal epithelium damage ia humans have been reported (28). Naphthalene can be irritating to the skin, and hypersensitivity does occur. 

Health and Safety Factors. Ttimesic acid is an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system (140). It is mildly toxic when iagested. The oral LD q ia tats has been reported as 8.4 g/kg (141). Ttimesic acid is flammable, and precautions similar to those noted for tetephthaUc acid and isophthahc acid as regards dust clouds and fire extinguishing agents should be followed. 

Diethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, and isopropan olamine mixtures are less irritating to the skin than MEA and MIPA however, any one of them may produce severe skin irritation, even mild bums, if contact is prolonged or frequently repeated. Occasional short contact should not result in more than slight irritation. Undiluted triethanolamine and triisopropan olamine are slightly to moderately irritating to the skin. A bum may result from prolonged and repeated contact. Short occasional contact and solutions of less than 10% concentration are unlikely to cause more than very slight irritation, if any. 

Undiluted DMAMP, AMP-95, and AB cause eye bums and permanent damage, if not washed out immediately. They are also severely irritating to the skin, causing bums by prolonged or repeated contact. Of these three aLkanolarnines, only AMP has been studied in subchronic and chronic oral studies. The principal effect noted was the action of AMP on the stomach as a result of its alkalinity. The no-observed-effect level (NOEL) in a one-year feeding study in dogs was 110 ppm in the diet. In general, the low volatility and appHcations for which these products are used preclude the likelihood of exposure by inhalation. 

AEPD is severely irritating to the eyes and should be washed out immediately on contact it is only mildly irritating to the skin. 

Ammonia is a strong local irritant which also has a corrosive effect on the eyes and the membranes of the pulmonary system. Vapor concentrations of 10,000 ppm are mildly irritating to the skin, whereas 30,000 ppm may cause bums. The physiological effects from inhalation are described in Table 16. Prolonged, intentional exposure to high levels of ammonia is unlikely because its characteristic odor can be detected at levels as low as 1 —5 ppm (94). The real danger occurs when escape is impossible, or the exposure victim has lost consciousness. 

Sodium nitrite is poisonous and prolonged contact with dry sodium nitrite or its solutions can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. The LD q (oral, rat) is 85 mg per kg body weight (11). Inhalation or ingestion of significant quantities of dust or mist may result in acute toxic effects such as nausea, cyanosis, and low blood pressure, which can lead to possible coUapse, coma, and even death. 

Bromothiophenes are toxic materials by aU routes. Inhalation toxicity of 2-bromothiophene is significant. Ecotoxicity is also noted for these materials, particularly for 2-bromo-3-methylthiophene. 2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde and the 3-methyl derivative can cause minor irritation to the skin and eyes of rabbits. The former is a sensitizer to guinea pig skin, the latter is not. 2-Acetylthiophene is toxic in aU modes of contact. Severe exposure causes serious inflammation of the lung, damage to many organs, and depression of the central nervous system. 

The hquid is irritating to the skin after only a few minutes of contact. The inhibitor MEHQ may be partiy responsible for this irritation. Inhibited vinyhdene chloride is moderately irritating to the eyes. Contact causes pain and conjunctival irritation, and possibly some transient corneal injury and iritis. Permanent damage, however, is not likely. 

Unlike chloroformates, diethyl and dimethyl carbonates are only mildly irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Diethylene glycol bis(aHyl carbonate) may be irritating to the skin, but it is not classified as a toxic substance however, it is extremely irritating to the eyes. 

Health Hazards. AHyl chloride is a toxic, highly flammable compound that is severely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. AHyl chloride is considered to be moderately to highly toxic (LD q = 275-700 mg/kg body weight) via oral exposure. Amounts incidental to industrial handling are unlikely to cause injury. Large amounts, however, can cause injury, even death (24,50). 

Safety. Chlorosulfuric acid is a strong acid and the principal ha2ard is severe chemical bums when the acid comes into contact with body tissue. The vapor is also ha2ardous and extremely irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, and respiratory tract. Exposure limits for chlorosulfuric acid have not been estabhshed by OSHA or ACGIH. However, chlorosulfuric acid fumes react readily with moisture in the air to form hydrochloric and sulfuric acid mists, which do have estabhshed limits. The OSHA 8-h TWA limits and ACGIH TLV—TWA limits are sulfuric acid = 1 mg/m hydrochloric acid = 5 ppm or 7 mg/m (ceiling limit). 

The hazards with glutaraldehyde are those of irritation to the skin, eyes, throat, and lungs. It can cause dermal and respiratory sensitization, resulting in rhinitis and conjunctivitis or asthma. In the UK the Maximum Exposure Limit is just 0.05 ppm (8 hr TWA limit) and 0.05 ppm (15 min STEL) with a Sen notation (p. 93). 

Toxicity. Breathing moderate amounts of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) for short periods of time can cause adverse effects on the nervous system ranging from headaches, dizziness, nausea, and numbness in the fingers and toes to unconsciousness. Its vapors are irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, and throat and can damage the eyes. Repeated exposure to moderate to high amounts may cause liver and kidney effects. 

Hautreiz, m. skin irritant skin irritation, hautreizend, a. irritating to the skin. Haut-salbe, /. sebaceous matter akin ointment. -substanz,/. hide substance, -talg. m. sebaceous matter,... 

It is important to stress that neither sodium silicate nor silico fluoride will improve the performance of a poor, low-strength, dusty concrete floor and if the surface is too porous, there is no way that all the material applied can react with the relatively small quantity of free lime in the concrete surface. All that will happen is that the pores will be filled with non-reacted powder, producing a most unpleasant alkaline dust, which can be very irritating to the skin and eyes when the floor is put into service. 

NOF reacts violently with B, Si, red P, Sb and As even under cold conditions, and on heating with some organic compds (Ref 6). It reacts vigorously with glass and corrodes quartz (Ref 5). When mixed, even at low temps, with the relatively inactive OF2, it explds (Ref 4). It can be kept in quartz ampules if cooled in liq oxygen NOF is highly irritating to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes (Ref 5). 

Iodine has anti-infective action against many bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeasts, and protozoa. Fbvidone-iodine (Betadine) is a combination of iodine and povidone, which liberates free iodine. Fbvidone-iodine is often preferred over iodine solution or tincture because it is less irritating to the skin. Unlike with the use of iodine, treated areas may be bandaged or taped. 

Sodium a-sulfomethylmyristate is used together with the sodium salt of hardened beef tallow fatty acid to produce a soap with little skin irritation [88]. Shampoos for application to hair as well as skin comprise a-sulfo fatty acid ester salts, fatty acid dialkanolamides, and citric acid. For example, a shampoo that consists of 15% sodium a-sulfoethylmyristate, 3% lauric acid diethanolamide, 0.5% citric acid, and 81.5% water is very effective even in hard water and only slightly irritating to the skin [89]. 

Direct eye contact with liquid produces injury, generally transient, to the corneal epithelium. The liquid is mildly irritating to the skin due to the degreasing effect repeated contact may cause dermatitis. Ingestion of substantial quantities of liquid can damage the mucous membranes, and produce acute effects ranging from mild discomfort to profound anaesthesia. 

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