Iron, vitamin A and

Lockitch G, Halstead AC, Wadsworth L, Quigley G, Reston L, Jacobson B. Age- and sex-specific pediatric reference intervals and correlations for zinc, copper, selenium, iron, vitamins A and E, and related proteins. CUn Chem 1988 34 1625-8. 

The fruits are usually stewed or made into preserves. Raw Cape gooseberries are moderately high in calories (73 kcal per 100 g) and carbohydrates (20%). They are a good source of fiber, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C. 

A decrease in erythrocyte production can be multifactorial. A deficiency in nutrients (such as iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid) is a common cause that often is easily treatable. In addition, patients with cancer and CKD are at risk for developing a hypoproductive anemia. Furthermore, patients with chronic immune-related diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus) can develop anemia as a complication of their disease. Anemia related to these chronic inflammatory conditions is typically termed anemia of chronic disease. 

Susceptibility to lead toxicity is influenced by dietary levels of calcium, iron, phosphorus, vitamins A and D, dietary protein, and alcohol (Calabrese 1978). Low dietary ingestion of calcium or iron increased the predisposition to lead toxicity in animals (Barton et al. 1978a Carpenter 1982 Hashmi et al. 1989a Six and Goyer 1972 Waxman and Rabinowitz 1966). Iron deficiency combined with lead exposure acts synergistically to impair heme synthesis and cell metabolism (Waxman and Rabinowitz 1966). 

Because 1,4-dichlorobenzene is a liver toxin, it probably can interact with other chemicals that are liver toxicants. These toxicants are many, and include ethanol, halogenated hydrocarbons (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, etc ), benzene, and other haloalkanes and haloalkenes. In addition, 1,4-dichlorobenzene toxicity may also be exacerbated by concurrent exposure with acetaminophen, heavy metals (copper, iron, arsenic), aflatoxins, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (from some types of plants), high levels of vitamin A, and hepatitis viruses. Such interactions could either be additive or S5mergistic effects. 

Main actives The fresh leaves and stems are rich in vitamins A and C and iron. They also contain histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and formic acid in the stinging hairs. The dried herb contains Flavonoids (0.7-1.8%) including rutin and iso-quercitrin, silicic acid (1-5%), a trace of volatile oil and potassium and nitrate ions. 

Industrial (BASF) syntheses of vitamin A and vitamin A aldehyde have been accomplished utilizing the aldehydes obtained from allyl acetate hydroformylation.22 Either aldehyde (10) or (11) reacts with the same phosphorus ylide to give vitamin A or retinal (Scheme 4). Hydroformylation of 3-methyl-2-butenyl acetate gives a high yield of 2-formyl-3-methylbutyl acetate. Elimination of acetic acid followed by isomerization provides trimethylacrylaldehyde, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of irones (Scheme 5). 

The nettle is rich in vitamins A and C and in minerals, particularly iron, potassium, and silica. Modern scientific studies have focused on its diuretic action. It lowers systolic blood pressure by increasing volume, die root treats symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by increasing urine flow and reducing residual urine. Nettle herb is also used for bladder irrigation and to prevent and treat bladder and kidney stones (see Chapter 66). 

Liver and kidneys are excellent sources of vitamins A and B12, folate, niacin, iron, and other minerals... 

Anaemia occurs when there is a decrease in haemoglobin below the appropriate level for the age and sex of the individual. The anaemia maybe due to several factors as lack of iron, vitamin Bi2 and folic acid all affect red cell production, resulting in anaemia. Bi2 deficiency may also cause neurological problems, such as numbness and weakness. Patients with Bi2 deficiency may also report mood swings and seem to suffer more infection and mild gastrointestinal problems than normal, so Maria s moodiness, stomach upsets and colds may be significant. 

In Norway there is essentially no fortification of foodstuffs (exception iron in goat cheese, vitamin A and vitamin D in margarine, and iodine in salt). 

Erythrocyte and plasma folate concentrations are reduced in protein-calorie malnutrition, but the serum vitamin Bj2 concentration is unaffected or may even be slightly increased. The plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E are much reduced. Although the blood hemoglobin concentration is reduced, the serum iron concentration is initially little affected by malnutrition. 

Certain nutritional deficiencies have been associated with an increased cancer incidence in PAH-exposed animals. These include deficiencies in vitamins A and C, iron, and riboflavin (Calabrese 1978). It is estimated that at least 25% of all children between the ages of 7 and 12 years and all children of low-income families consume less than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin A. It has also been estimated that between 10% and 30% of the infants, children. 

The ionones and damascones are derived in nature from the degradation of carotenoids. Similarly, the related irones are formed by degradation of other higher terpenes. The ionones are synthesized from citral by aldol condensation with a ketone to form what are known as v /-ionones, which are then cyclized using an acid catalyst, as shown in Scheme 4.39. Some specific syntheses are shown later in Scheme 4.42, along with the syntheses of vitamin A and carotene. The ionones possess odours which are reminiscent of violet, sometimes also with woody notes. 

Beef is one of the important meats in many different cuisines and is consumed all over the world. It is a rich source of selenium, zinc, iron, vitamin B, and carnitine. The dielectric constant (s ) and the loss factor (s") of beef both increase at higher temperatures. For example, s values of lean beef at 27.12MHz were 36.0 and 68.8 at -5°C and -1°C, respectively. Temperatures in the range of -1°C and 10°C did not have a significant effect on s and s" at any microwave frequency. Higher temperature had more effect on s" for all meats at 27.12 MHz and s" increased with temperature (Ryynanen, 1995 Shukla and Anantheswaran, 2001). 

As I intimated at the beginning of this chapter, these simple, repetitive reactions conceal a hidden danger — the darker side of vitamin C. We have noted the link between iron, vitamin C and oxygen. When vitamin C interacts with iron and oxygen, it is acting as an electron donor, but not as an antioxidant Quite the contrary. By regenerating the active form of iron inside an enzyme, vitamin C aids and abets the addition of oxygen — in other words, it helps to oxidize the substrate. Thus many of the beneficial actions of vitamin C are actually pro-oxidant actions, not antioxidant actions at all. 

Iron availability is low in rice and maize-based phytate-rich Third World diets, and blood losses due to hook-worm infections are frequent in these countries. Iron deficiency is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency besides vitamin A and iodide. The prevalence of iron deficiency may be as high as 60% in Third World pre-school children, and almost half of these children (26%) show iron-deficiency anemia (Romero-Abal et al. 1995). However, about half of the even higher prevalence for anemia of up to 70% in African women and children (Quar-shie and Amoaful 1998) seems attributable to inflammation and parasitic infections (Asobayire et al. 2001) and other micronutrient deficiencies, rather than to iron deficiency (Allen et al. 2000). Hypochromic microcytic iron-deficiency anemia reduces physical work capacity, and both show a close correlation (Dallman 1982). As the brain is luxuriously perfused with blood, impairment of intellectual performance in anemia is a very variable symptom. Anemia at an age of 12-18 months seems to compromise the infant s intellectual development. To what extent such deficits in intelligence can be compensated during later development at adequate iron supply levels has been discussed, somewhat controversially, by Walter (1993) and Pollitt (2001). 

Each person produces approximately 10 red blood cells per day. Because so many cells must be produced, nutritional deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, and folate prevent adequate red blood cell formation. The physical appearance of the cells in the case of a nutritional anemia frequently provides a clue as to the nature of the deficiency. 

Maternal micronutrient nutrition is an important determinant of fetus size and body composition. Iron (Fe), iodine, calcium, folate, vitamin A and vitamin C all influence the... 

Instant noodles seasoning powder, Thailand (Chavasit and Tontisirin, 1998) 20 mg premix per package noodles Iodine + iron + vitamin A 50 pg of iodine/serve [1 /3rd Thai RDI (150 pg)] KI... 

Acute toxicity is unlikely after ingestion of vitamin products that do not contain iron (when iron is present, see p 230). Vitamins A and D may cause toxicity but usually only after chronic use. 

Iris oil is a constituent of, for example, Chanel No. 19 (1971) and Silence (Jacomo, 1979) and So pretty (Cartier,1995). - and ) -ionones, with a few homologues, are among the most regular constituents of modern perfumes. However, the use of irones is on the margin in terms of cost -ionone costs ca. 30 Euro/kg, and -irone 20 times as much. ) -Ionone is an important synthetic building block for Vitamin A, and as such the cheapest of the violet scents. 

In the Popeye cartoons, there is absolutely no sign of a coimection between Pop-eye s preference for spinach and the iron content of the vegetable. Indeed, Elzie Segar wanted to influence children s diet, but the reason for this was quite clearly vitamin A and not iron. Popeye first ate spinach in a cartoon picture published on July 3, 1932, which was 2 years before the 1934 article with the erroneous data. Even at this time, he did not forget to mention vitamin A. None of the original cartoons made any connection between spinach and iroa... 

Documented effects Spinach is a valuable food crop due its high iodine, calcium, iron, vitamin, protein, and fat content. Spinach can compete with milk with its protein content the protein is mainly contained in the leaves (Bakiev and Makhkamov 1987). The spinach protein, secretin, is used in medicine like pilocarpine, as a therapeutic agent to stimulate the mucus coating of the stomach lining and the pancreatic glands (Khalmatov 1964). 

During pregnancy, mother and fetus compete for nutrients—the mother may take some mainly for herself, while others are primarily used by the fetus. The levels of vitamins A and E are lower in the fetus than in maternal blood. In contrast, the fetus stores twice as much iron and vitamin C as the pregnant mother, whose stores drop to half the levels of the nongravid woman. 

Although cow and human milk resemble each other superficially, there are many quantitative and qualitative differences between the two types of milk (see Table 4-1). The water and fat content of cow milk is the same as that of human milk, but cow milk contains three times as much minerals and proteins as human milk. In contrast, the lactose content of cow milk is only two-thirds that of human milk. At first approximation, it seems that a product similar to human milk can be obtained simply by diluting cow milk with two volumes of water and by supplementing it with carbohydrates. But a more careful comparison of the composition of cow milk and human milk indicates that cow milk is low in iron, copper, vitamins A and E, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Therefore, the dietary qualities of human milk are not completely matched by the administration of cow milk. 

Grewia asiatica L. (family Tiliaceae) This is commonly known as phalsa and originates in the Indian subcontinent. The fruits are subacidic and a good source of vitamins A and C, phosphorus and iron with 50-60%... 

---