Inventor

Until 1992 the space for entering inventors names had an upper limit of 10 letters. Longer names were cut off, double names were drawn together if the first part was less than 10 letters. 

Since mid-1992 the system allows 30 letters for the inventor s name and three initials for Christian names. The field is phrase-indexed and thus not searchable with proximity operators. 

Example Search for an inventor called Bemd Meyer. All files regarding Meyer with the Christian name initial B have to be selected. If inventor and patentee are identical, you have to search both in the inventor field (IN) and in the Patent Assignee field (PA). 

If truncation is effected by means of a question mark also double names are retrievable, such as Meyer-Berg. 

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A microwave pulse from a tunable oscillator is injected into the cavity by an anteima, and creates a coherent superposition of rotational states. In the absence of collisions, this superposition emits a free-mduction decay signal, which is detected with an anteima-coupled microwave mixer similar to those used in molecular astrophysics. The data are collected in the time domain and Fourier transfomied to yield the spectrum whose bandwidth is detemimed by the quality factor of the cavity. Hence, such instruments are called Fourier transfomi microwave (FTMW) spectrometers (or Flygare-Balle spectrometers, after the inventors). FTMW instruments are extraordinarily sensitive, and can be used to examine a wide range of stable molecules as well as highly transient or reactive species such as hydrogen-bonded or refractory clusters [29, 30]. 

Chemists usually learn about reactions according to fiinctional groups for example, How can I make an aldehyde and what reactions are known for aldehydes " This is clearly not a very good starting point for classifying reactions. The poor state of affairs in the definition of reaction types is further quite vividly illustrated by the fact that many chemical reactions are identified by being named after their inventor Diels-Alder reaction, Michael addition, Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein rear-... 

Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron) This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, and R.M. Latimer. A 3-Mg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either lOB or IIB. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitting an 8.6 MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s. 

A few studies have found potential surfaces with a stable minimum at the transition point, with two very small barriers then going toward the reactants and products. This phenomenon is referred to as Lake Eyring Henry Eyring, one of the inventors of transition state theory, suggested that such a situation, analogous to a lake in a mountain cleft, could occur. In a study by Schlegel and coworkers, it was determined that this energy minimum can occur as an artifact of the MP2 wave function. This was found to be a mathematical quirk of the MP2 wave function, and to a lesser extent MP3, that does not correspond to reality. The same effect was not observed for MP4 or any other levels of theory. 

We shall now exemplify the solid-phase peptide synthesis approach by c )c/o-[-L-Val-[)-Pro-D-Val-L-Pro-]], which was prepared by Merrifield himself, the inventor of the method (B.F. Gisin, 1972). 

Buckminster Fuller was the inventor of self-supporting polygon frameworks, e.g., of pavilions. Synonyms (root)ballene, buckminsterfullerenc( BF ), carbosoccer, soo r(ball)ene, spherene. The proposed bridged-fused ring system and von-Baeyer names and numberings vary. 

Most chapters contain tables giving an inventor> of all known derivatives of the family concerned. The classification of substituents in these tables is made according to the following hierarchy ... 

The SI unit for magnetic field strength is the tesla (T) named after Nikola Tesla a contemporary of Thomas Edison and who like Edison was an inventor of electrical devices... 

Phenol—formaldehyde (PF) was the first of the synthetic adhesives developed. By combining phenol with formaldehyde, which has exceptional cross-linking abiHties with many chemicals and materials, and a small amount of sodium hydroxide, a resin was obtained. The first resins soHdified as they cooled, and it was discovered that if it was ground to a powder with a small amount of additional formaldehyde and the appHcation of more heat, the mixture would Hquify and then convert to a permanently hard material. Upon combination of the powdered resin mixture with a filler material such as wood flour, the result then being placed in a mold and pressed under heat and pressure, a hard, durable, black plastic material was found to result. For many years these resulting products were called BakeHte, the trade name of the inventor. BakeHte products are still produced today, but this use accounts for only a small portion of the PF resins used. 

Diamond. Diamond [7782 0-3] is the hardest substance known (see Carbon, diamond, natural). It has a Knoop hardness of 78—80 kN/m (8000—8200 kgf/m ). The next hardest substance is cubic boron nitride with a Knoop value of 46 kN/m, and its inventor, Wentorf, beheves that no manufactured material will ever exceed diamond s hardness (17). In 1987 the world production of natural industrial diamonds (4) was about 110 t (1 g = 5 carats). It should be noted that whereas the United States was the leading consumer of industrial diamonds in 1987 (140 t) only 260 kg of natural industrial diamonds were consumed this is the lowest figure in 48 years (4), illustrating the impact that synthetic diamonds have made on the natural diamond abrasive market. 

The earhest written references to the use of oils as paint media date from the twelfth century. The van Eycks, who traditionally have been credited as the inventors of oil painting, improved the technique to such a degree that oil quickly replaced egg tempera as the prevalent medium. 

A method for the fractionation of plasma, allowing albumin, y-globulin, and fibrinogen to become available for clinical use, was developed during World War II (see also Fractionation, blood-plasma fractionation). A stainless steel blood cell separation bowl, developed in the early 1950s, was the earhest blood cell separator. A disposable polycarbonate version of the separation device, now known as the Haemonetics Latham bowl for its inventor, was first used to collect platelets from a blood donor in 1971. Another cell separation rotor was developed to faciUtate white cell collections. This donut-shaped rotor has evolved to the advanced separation chamber of the COBE Spectra apheresis machine. 

The printed pubHshed document which represents the patent rights granted by the Federal Government can be a complex Hterary work. There are specific and rigid legal requirements for the description, disclosure, and definiteness which support these affirmative rights and enable enforcement of those rights by the inventor or owner of the patent. The basis for this fiiU and complete disclosure of the invention in the patent is clearly articulated in the U.S. Constitution. 

Once the patent appHcation is complete and the inventor has made a formal declaration of inventorship, the appHcation is filed with the U.S. PTO. In the U.S. PTO, the appHcation is the subject of a thorough, formal, and substantive examination by a patent examiner. Once the patent examiner is convinced that the patent appHcation satisfies the statutory requirements provided for under the laws of the United States, the patent appHcation will be allowed to issue as a patent. Issuance takes the form of a pubHcation provided by the U.S. Government. The pubHcation of patents occurs only on Tuesdays that ate not federal hoHdays. At the time of issuance, the patent is assigned a number and made pubHc in a form which allows all interested patties to obtain access to it. 

The resulting discoveries may provide a broad range of solutions or products. For example, invention may result from basic research and development efforts directed toward products which ate essential to basic commercial efforts. Alternatively, invention may result in products or appHcations which add value to basic commercial products that ate already in existence. Inventions may also be used to assist an individual or company in commercial efforts toward developing a defensive posture in any given marketplace. When patented, appHcations may also provide an extended opportunity to Hcense or market the patent without the actual production of a product by the inventor. 

An abridged copy of U.S. Patent No. 5,131,727 is provided in Figure 1 to illustrate the elements of an issued U.S. patent. The covet or front page of a U.S. patent (Fig. la) must foUow the form requinements placed on issued patents by the U.S. PTO. Specifically, the front covet discloses the inventor in two locations, A and C. The first named inventor is generally used as a head note. A, for the patent. A given patent may often be referred to in an informal sense by this inventor s name. 

A description or explanation of the background of the invention, N, may also be provided by the inventor. This background section discusses previous developments of inventors working in the same area of technology and may also Hst pubHcations or patents that have discussed these developments and predate the filing date of the patent appUcation. The background section may also point to deficiencies in the prior developments that the inventor intends to overcome. 

To complement the discussion of problems and prior pubHcation in the background of the invention, N, the inventor may generally provide a summary of the invention disclosed in the instant patent. The summary of the invention, O, should provide an explanation of the invention in the broadest and simplest terms and should also discuss how the invention disclosed in the patent solves problems remaining in prior work in this area of technology. 

Tlie next section of the patent is tided "The Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment", Q (Fig. lb), often a multipage work serving several functions. First, the detailed description should provide an illustration of the invention in both its broadest or simplest sense and in its most preferred sense. Any elements of the invention that the inventor beheves are crucial to the success or performance of the invention must also be included within this description. Further, tbi< description should provide an explanation of the invention that is definite and illustrative, so as to allow persons having nothing but die patent before diem to practice or use die invention in the manner intended. This description should be understood by those who work in the area that covers the subject matter of the patent. 

Plants. AsexuaHy reproducing plants, ie, those not propagated by means of seed, also represent a legally recognized class of patentable subject matter under U.S. patent laws. Additionally, the inventor must have discovered and asexuaHy reproduced the plant that is to be the subject of the patent apphcation. Plant patents are assigned a different series of numbers than the majority of patents discussed in the foregoing, such as U.S. Plant Patent No. 3,360 titled "Peach Tree" (7). 

Unlike the common practice occurring in other countries, in which award of patent rights is based on the date on which a patent apphcation is filed, in the United States the patent grant is based on the first date of invention. To be an inventor in the United States, an individual must contribute to conception of the invention, and may contribute to reduction of the invention to practice. Although the creation of an advance, development, or apphcation may be conceived by one given individual, it often is the case that the act of invention is the work of many individuals, especially in a commercial context. Accordingly, inventorship questions often arise. 

Inventorship. Those who may deserve to be considered inventors include ah. those who have contributed to conception of the invention. Further, those who have provided contributions which would be considered something above and beyond textbook knowledge in the reduction of the invention to practice may also deserve to be hsted as inventors. 

One further component of the record of invention is a Hst of any uncovered pubHcations or patents which are relevant to the invention. Such a listing should also include any disclosures made by any of those who worked on the invention to other parties inside or outside the organization. AH inventors should sign the record of invention. At least two witnesses who are not inventors should also read and understand the record of invention so that they can sign and date this document. 

The importance of an accurate and complete record of invention caimot be underestimated. The record of invention should serve as the basic document for estabUshing the date of conception and reduction to practice of the invention. The U.S. PTO issues patents to those who are first to invent. In a contest over inventorship, any available record of invention is submitted to the U.S. PTO to estabUsh proof of an inventor s rights. As of January 1, 1996, any inventor from a country belonging to the World Trade Organization may use such evidence before the U.S. PTO. Previously, this type of proof could be rehed upon only if the activity, documented in the notebook, record, etc, was undertaken in the United States. Similarly, activity undertaken after December 8, 1993 in Mexico or Canada may also be rehed upon to prove inventorship. 

A fundamental statutory prerequisite to patentabiHty is novelty. A lack of novelty occurs when each and every element of the invention, as it is claimed, is found in a single disclosure which occurs before the date of invention. Such a disclosure may occur in any of a number of forms. To be an adequate disclosure, it should be catalogued or inventoried as a book might be in a reference Hbrary and open to pubHc dissernination. The novelty requirement presents the inventor with an extensive Hst of "cans" and "caimots." Unfortunately, the natural course of research and development often leads to activities which are much more readily categorized as "caimots" than "cans." Ultimately these activities may even proscribe the issuance of a patent if an appHcation is not filed in a timely fashion. 

Was the Invention Known or Used by Others The invention cannot have been pubHcly known or pubHcly used by others or the subject of a patent or pubHcation anywhere in the world prior to the appHcant s actual invention date. If someone other than the inventor has pubHshed a journal article, received a patent, or used the invention pubHcly, the inventor will not be able to receive a patent on the invention. 

Was the Invention Abandoned The invention cannot have been abandoned. An invention may be abandoned either expressly or impHedly. For example, abandonment may occur when an inventor expressly disclaims the invention by dedicating it to the pubHc. Abandonment may also occur if a patent appHcant fails to complete the examination of a patent appHcation pending within the U.S. PTO during the time periods set for completion. The pubHcation of an article disclosing the invention may be an abandonment where the inventor does not file an appHcation for a patent within one year. 

Has the Invention Been the Subject of a Prior Foreign Patent Although one cannot be sure when, or even whether, a patent wiU issue from any appHcation, it is good practice to make sure your U.S. patent appHcation is filed within 12 months of the first foreign filed appHcation. The patenting of an invention in another country by the inventor or another party wiU preclude the issuance of a patent on the same invention in the United States. 

Presentations made by the inventor or others in the area of the inventions at trade shows, conferences, etc. 

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