Intraventricular administration

Histamine decarboxylase knockout mice are unable to produce histamine and these animals are unable to maintain wakefulness in a novel environment. Systemic or intraventricular administration of histamine or Hi receptor agonists induces wakefulness whereas systemic or intraventricular administration of Hi receptor antagonists induces sleep. Local administration of an H3 receptor agonist in the TMN induces sleep whereas local administration of an H3 receptor antagonist into the TMN induces wakefulness. 

Administration of HA and its effect on sleep-wakefulness Local application of HA (5, 30 and 60 pg) in the TMN region of cats increased the latency to sleep, increased arousal, and reduced NREM sleep in a site-specific, dose-dependent manner. The highest dose produced the maximal effect, which lasted for 6 h. The HA-induced arousal was completely blocked when the cats were pretreated intraperitoneally with the Hi receptor antagonist mepyramine (Lin et at, 1986, 1988). In rats, intraventricular administration of HA blocked the increase in delta and theta activity (0-6 Hz) in the EEG induced by repeated low-frequency stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation. This effect was blocked if specific thalamic nuclei were lesioned (Tasaka et at, 1993) or by simultaneous administration of an Hi receptor antagonist, but not by an H2 receptor antagonist (Tasaka et at, 1989). Application of HA... 

Finally, treatments that directly stimulate 5-HT receptors also produce the 5-HT syndrome. First, intraventricular administration of 5-HT, although ineffective in control rats, produces a pronounced syndrome in 5,7-DHT-pretreated subjects (157,188). Systemic administration of 5-HT was ineffective (163), indicating that this effect was centrally mediated. Second, with the exception of one report in mice (94), the direct-acting 5-HT agonist quipazine has been reported to produce the syndrome also (39,108,161,185). 

The 5-HT syndrome can also be produced by a number of treatments whose primary actions are not expressed at serotonergic receptors. For example, in MAOI-pretreated rats, the intraventricular administration of dopamine or systemic treatment with the dopamine precursor /-dihydroxyphenylalanine (/-DOPA) in combination with an MAOI results in the 5-HT syndrome... 

Green, R. A., Gillin, J. C., and Wyatt, R. J. (1976) The inhibitory effect of intraventricular administration of serotonin on spontaneous motor activity of rats. Psychopharmacology, 51 81-84. 

Yamaguchi, Y., Higashi, M., and Kobayashi, H. (1996b). Effects of oral and intraventricular administration of ginsenoside Rgi on the performance impaired by scopolamine in rats. Biomed. Res. 17,487-490. 

Supportive evidence comes from a study showing that intraventricular administration of z-VADfluoromethylketone (fmk), a pan-caspase inhibitor increases the lifespan of SODl transgenic mice by approximately 25% (Li et al, 2000). Furthermore, overexpression of XIAP, a mammalian inhibitor of caspases 3,7 and 9, in spinal motor neurons of mutant SODl mice attenuated disease progression without delaying onset, whilst expression of p35, a baculoviral caspase inhibitor that does not inhibit caspase-9, delayed onset without decreasing disease progression (Inoue et al, 2003). Moreover, caspase-9 was activated in spinal motor neurons of ALS patients. 

Intraventricular administration - In cardiac resuscitation, injection may be made into the ventricular cavity do not inject into the myocardium. Replace the IV needle with a suitable intracardiac needle. 

Amikacin sulfate - Intrathecal/intraventricular administration has been suggested at 8 mg/24 hours. 

Norepinephrine may also play a role in the induction of immediate early genes in response to pup exposure (Thomas and Palmiter, 1997). Norepinephrine has been linked to maternal behavior in certain other animal models, such as sheep and rats. It may also play a role in olfactory recognition and memory in rats. Intraventricular administration of 6-OHDA prior to birth has been noted to impair postpartum maternal behavior administration after birth had no such effect. 

Shen, J. S., Watabe, K., Ohashi, T. and Eto, Y. (2001). Intraventricular administration of recombinant adenovirus to neonatal twitcher mouse leads to clinicopathological improvements. Gene Ther. 8, 1081-1087. 

Although these neurotrophic factors stimulate neurogenesis after brain ischemia, chronic intraventricular administration of peptides or proteins is inappropriate for human therapies because of insufficient penetration into brain tissue. Since various receptor tyrosine kinases, including EGF, FGF-2, BDNF, and VEGF receptors, are negatively regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (Ostman and Bohmer, 2001), inhibitors for protein tyrosine phosphatases possibly promote... 

Ikegami H, Jikihara H, Koike K, Morishige K, Kurachi H, Yamamoto N, Hirota K, Miyake A, Tanizawa O (1992) Intraventricular administration of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) suppresses prolactin secretion and synthesis a possible involvement of dopamine release by TRH from rat hypothalamus. J Endocrinol 133 59—66. 

Fountas KN, Kapsalaki EZ, Parish DC et al. (2005). Intraventricular administration of rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage. South Medical Journal 98 767-773... 

The methyl ethers salsoline (62a) and isosalsoline (122b), shown in Fig. 28 as the (/ ) and (5) enantiomers, respectively, were prepared by chemical synthesis (152). Both compounds were found in rat brain after intraventricular administration of salsolinol (64) (190). They are also excreted in the urine of normal human subjects, and their levels are markedly increased in alcoholics (I9I). Salsoline (62a) is a major metabolite of salsolinol (191-193), and only small amounts of isosalsoline (122b) were found in rat brain (194). The simplest of the catecholic TIQs detected in mammals is norsalsolinol (123), which occurs in rats treated with L-dopa (795) its presence in rat brain was confirmed by GC-MS methods (796). 

Case Study 2 Intraventricular Administration of Cytosine Arahinoside for the Treatment of JC Virus Infection in Patients with Progressive Multifocal Leuko encephalopathy... 

Haase KK, Lapointe M, Haines SJ. Aseptic meningitis after intraventricular administration of gentamicin. Pharmacotherapy 2001 21 (1) 103-7. 

The safe intraventricular administration of etoposide has been reported (152). 

Fleischhack G, Rerf S, Hasan C, Jaehde U, Hettmer S, Bode U. FeasibUity of intraventricular administration of etoposide in patients with metastatic brain tumours. Br J Caucer 2001 84(ll) 1453-9. 

Chen, J-C. Schnepper, P.W. To, A. and Volicer, L. Neuronal changes in the rat brain after intraventricular administration of tryptamine-4,5- dione. Neuropharmacology 31 215-219, 1992. 

Martin WJ, Lai NK, Patrick SL, Tsou K, Walker JM (1993) Antinociceptive actions of cannabinoids following intraventricular administration in rats. Brain Res 629 300-304... 

Collu R (1976) Endocrine effects of chronic intraventricular administration of A9-tetra-hydrocannabinol to prepuberal and adult male rats. Life Sci 18 223-230... 

Problems of CSF penetration may be overcome by direct instillation of antibiotics intrathecaUy, intracistemaUy, or intraventricu-larly (Table 105-6). Advantages of direct instillation, however, must be weighed against the risks of invasive CNS procedmes. Intrathecal administration of antibiotics is unlikely to produce therapeutic concentrations in the ventricles possibly owing to the unidirectional flow of CSF. Although intraventricular administration from a... 

Dawson L, Chadha A, Megalou M et al (2000) The group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, DCG-IV, alleviates akinesia following intranigral or intraventricular administration in the reserpine-treated rat. Br J Pharmacol 129 541-546... 

Similar observations were reported in studies on AT-1 angiotensin receptors and tryptophan hydroxylase. In studies in rats, direct observations of AT-1 and AT-2 receptor densities in various sites in the brain after administration of different doses of phosphorothioate antisense, sense, and scrambled oligonucleotides were reported (228). Again, in rats, intraventricular administration of phosphorothioate anti-sense oligonucleotide resulted in a decrease in tryptophan hydroxylase levels in the brain, whereas a scrambled control did not (229). 

---