Human therapy

Antiviral Agents. Although a number of antibiotics have been shown to have some sort of antiviral activity, only vidarabine [5536-17-4] (adenine arabinoside) is used clinically against viral infections at this time. As the need for new antiviral agents (qv) increases and new screening procedures are developed, one would expect the discovery of other new effective antiviral antibiotics that could be used safely in human therapy. 

More then a dozen representatives of the above ring systems were introduced into the human therapy. Actisomide (2) and trequinsin (3) are used as antiarrhytmic and antihypertensive agents, respectively. Sunepitron (4), a a 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, is under clinical trials for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Representatives of the third generation of antibacterial quinolone-3-carboxylic acids the blockbluster ofloxacin (5), its levorotatory enantiomer, levofloxacin (6), and rufloxacin (7) have gained wide acceptance for the treatment of bacterial infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts, skin, and soft tissues, as well as sexually transmitted diseases, and pazufloxacin (8) is under development. Praziquantel (9) is widely applied for the treatment of schistosomes- and cestode-caused infection in both veterinary and human therapies (Scheme 4). 

Insulin, interferon Recombinant E. coli Baker s yeast Human therapy... 

JC Deters, PSL Wong, BL Barclay, F Theeuwes, DR Swanson. Dosage form for dispensing drug for human therapy. US Patent 4,837,111, 1989. 

Trequinsin 106, a selective phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) inhibitor <2005MI6412>, and actisomide 225 have been introduced into human therapy as antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic agents, respectively. 

The studies were performed by the route proposed for human therapy, that is oral, and also by the intravenous... 

Alkylation with nitrogen-containing groups at the indole nitrogen did not influence the hypotensive effect of reserpine (383). Moreover, one member of this series, 7Va-diethylaminoethylreserpine (Bietaserpine) (626), has found practical utilization as an antihypertensive agent in human therapy (384-386). 

Zotchev SB (2003) Polyene macrolide antibiotics and their applications in human therapy. Curr. Med. Chem. 10 211-223. 

A similar approach is fruitful for investigating insulin mutants that may be under consideration as replacements for wild-type insulin in human therapy. For lispro insulin (in which positions P28 and K29 in human insulin are reversed), and for several other insulin mutants, PLIMSTEX clearly can distinguish the self-association properties and binding constants of lispro and r-human insulins [33]. 

Vitamin K antagonists, such as dicoumarol (8.61, a natural product) and warfarin (8.62), are used as anticoagulants in human therapy (thrombosis, atherosclerosis) and as rat poisons that lead to internal bleeding and death in rodents. Heparin, a polysaccharide consisting of 2-0-sulfonated glucuronic acid and 2-N,6-0-disulfonated glucosamine, is also a widely used anticoagulant, but its effect is connected not with Vitamin K but with enzyme inhibition. 

Acepromazine is used in cattle, swine, sheep, and goats by parenteral routes at dosages of 0.01-0.22 mg/kg bw. In contrast to some other phenothiazine derivatives such as chlorpromazine and promazine, acepromazine is not used in human therapy. 

Additional studies, such as those conducted by the US Institute of Medicine Report (lOM) in 1988, also attempted to determine the impact of drug usage in food-producing animals on antimicrobial resistance of human pathogens, using penicillin and tetracycline on Salmonella as a model. The authors of this study attempted to describe the extent to which transfer of resistance factors occurred between human and animals and to define whether the risk to human therapy was enough to outweigh the benefits of a cost-effective food supply. The result of the lOM Report was that the information available to answer the question was insufficient. 

The macrolides include one compound of unique utility, tylosin (23). Tylosin has no application in human therapy, but is a drug of choice to treat swine dysentery. It is very... 

The sulfonamide antibiotics were the first synthetic antibiotics to have general utility in human therapy (B-79MI10806). Of the numerous compounds thus developed, comparatively few are presently used in veterinary practice. They include sulfapyridine (40), sulfamethazine (41) and sulfadimethoxine (42). They are much less potent than the /3-lactams (dose 100-200 mg kg-1), and have a bacteriostatic effect. They are commonly used in combination with trimethoprim (43), when a synergistic effect is observed, i.e. the combination is more potent than either drug alone, and species of bacteria which are unaffected by the drugs individually are susceptible to the combination. 

As mentioned in Section B, 1, human centromeres are rich in the repetitive a-satellite DNA. By joining a-satellite DNA-containing fragments of the X-chro-mosome to cloned telomeric DNA, human minichromosomes have been created.488 These have been developed into human artificial chromosomes,489 which may be practical vehicles for gene transfer in human therapy. 

Thompson, W. D., Li, W. W., and Maragoudakis, M. 1999. The clinical manipulation of angiogenesis Pathology, side-effects, surprises, and opportunities with novel human therapies. J. Pathol. 757 503-510. 

Abstract Toxins that alter neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals are of considerable scientific and clinical importance. Many advances were recently made in the understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action and use in human therapy. Here, we focus on presynaptic neurotoxins, which are very potent inhibitors of... 

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