Angiotensins receptors

O Dowd BF, Heiber M, Chan A et al (1993) A human gene that shows identity with the gene encoding the angiotensin receptor is located on chromosome 11. Gene 136 355-360... 

Besides the cytokine receptors that lack intrinsic kinase activity but have associated JAK kinases, STAT proteins can be activated by a variety of G-protein coupled receptors and growth factor receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity (for example EGF, PDGF, CSF-1, and angiotensin receptor). Increasing evidence suggests a critical role for STAT family members in oncogenesis and aberrant cell proliferation. Constitutively activated STATs have been found in many transformed cell lines and a wide variety of human tumor entities. Numerous non-receptor tyrosine kinases and viral oncoproteins, such as v-Src, v-Abl, v-Sis, and v-Eyk, have been identified to induce DNA-binding activity of STAT proteins. 

Nickenig G, Ostergren J, Struijker-Boudier H (2006) Clinical evidence for the cardiovascular benefits of angiotensin receptor blockers. JRAAS 7 (Suppl 1) S1-S7... 

PROFESS is an ongoing large randomized trial examining combination ER-DP plus aspirin therapy compared with clopidogrel (each group also with or without telmisartan, an angiotensin receptor antagonist) for the secondary prevention of early and late recurrent stroke, and other vascular events. 

Other medications (e.g., angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and diuretics)... 

ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker ... 

ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor Aid Ant, aldosterone antagonist ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker BB, beta-blocker CCBA, calcium channel blocking agent DirVaso, direct vasodilator. 

Angiotensin receptor blockers show similar tolerability to ACE inhibitors with regard to hypotension and hyperkalemia, but they do not induce cough since ARBs do not cause an accumulation of bradykinin. Angiotensin receptor blockers can be considered in patients with ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema, but they should be initiated cautiously, as crossreactivity has been reported. Many of the other considerations for the use of ARBs are similar to those of ACE inhibitors,... 

Unlike systolic HF, few prospective trials have evaluated the safety and efficacy of various cardiac medications in patients with diastolic HF or preserved ejection fraction. The Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) study demonstrated that angiotensin receptor blockade with candesartan resulted in beneficial effects on HF morbidity in patients with preserved LVEF similar to those seen in depressed LV function.25... 

FIGURE 3-1. Treatment algorithm for chronic heart failure. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker EF, ejection fraction HF, heart failure LV, left ventricular Ml, myocardial infarction SOB shortness of breath. Table 3-5 describes staging of heart failure. 

To control risk factors and prevent major adverse cardiac events, statin therapy should be considered in all patients with ischemic heart disease, particularly in those with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the absence of contraindications, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors should be considered in ischemic heart disease patients who also have diabetes melli-tus, left ventricular dysfunction, history of myocardial infarction, or any combination of these. Angiotensin receptor blockers... 

FIGURE 4-4. General treatment strategies for angina follow in clockwise fashion from the top center. ACE-I, angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker. 

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