International Standards Research

The performance of biodegradable plastics in composting facilities and under laboratory conditions has been studied by Institute for Standard Research (ISR). ISR has determined that plastics need to meet the following three criteria in order to be compostable  

Three International Standards Organization (ISO) standards have set the criteria by which European biodegradable plastics are currently assessed. These are  

The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) established the norm standard (CEN EN 13432 [1]) in 1999. The norm provides the European Commission s European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste with appropriate technical regulations and standards. This norm is a reference point for aU European producers, authorities, facility managers, and consumers. 

The standard specifies requirements and procedures to determine the composta-bility of plastic packaging materials based on four main areas  

Importantly, the packaging material that is intended for entering the bio-waste stream must be recognizable as biodegradable or compostable by the end-user. 

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There are two standard procedures for determining the octane numbers Research or FI and the Motor or F2 methods. The corresponding numbers are designated as RON (Research Octane Number) and MON (Motor Octane Number) which have become the international standard. 

Presently efforts of Ukrainian scientists in field of analysis of toxic organic substances directed on harmonization of the developed methods of analysis with the requirements of international standards and on wide introduction in practice of the quality control system in chromatographic researches. 

It is sometimes convenient to use a properly chosen scattered line in the background for comparison to avoid having to add an internal standard to the sample.37 The experience of the Applied Research Laboratories shows that the effects of variations or fluctuations in the equipment and of particle size in powdered samples can be eliminated satisfactorily in this way. In some cases, absorption and enhancement effects are also adequately compensated. We have already mentioned (7.8) that scattered reference line and the analytical line will be subject to considerably different absorption effects if the two lines differ appreciably in wavelength. Everything depends upon the selection of a satisfactory scattered reference line, and this is done empirically. 

Determination of die mechanical properties of a cured polymer serves to characterize its macroscopic (bulk) features such as flexibility and hardness. Using standardized methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and die International Standards Organization (ISO) allows direct comparison to otiier materials. The vast majority of polyurethane research and development is conducted in industry where mechanical properties are of vital importance because tins information is used to design, evaluate, and market products. General test categories are presented here with a few illustrative examples. 

H NMR (400 MHz), NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury-Vx (3000Mx) ve Brucker AC-400L spectrometer using deuterated chloroform solvents and TMS as internal standard. IR spectra were recorded on a Schimadzu Fonrier Transform FTlR-8300 instalment. Mass spectra were recorded on a VG Zap spec instrument (1,000 resolution) (the Chemistry of the Turkish Scientific and Research Institue-Gebze). 

There is a general agreement within the research community that the DSR-framework is the most perfeeted and therefore the highest internationally accepted framework. This enhanees the international standard of environmental indicators (Munchhausen and Nieberg 1997, Walz et al. 1995). Due to these reasons and due to the international approach of the projeet, this study relies on the set of environmental indieators for the agricultural sector developed within the DSR-framework by the OECD. 

The surrogate compounds were mono-, tetra-, octa-, deca- C-PCBs, dg-naphthalene, C-PCP and C-phenol. The soil samples were dried with Na2S04 (60 g) and then Soxhlet extracted with hexane acetone (9 1) for 16 h. The extract was dried with sodium sulfate, concentrated, and split. While one portion was held for other analyses, the other portion was placed on a 3% deactivated silica gel column and eluted with increasing solvent polarity systems [hexane, followed by methylene chloride hexane (1 1), and then methylene chloride acetone (95 5)]. The extracts were combined and reduced to 1 mL, split and two internal standards added (tetrafluorobiphenyl and di2 Chrysene). The extracts were chromatographed on a 15-m DB-5 fused silica capillary column and detected with flame ionization (FID). Sludge samples were extracted according to the EPA sludge protocol (2) developed at Midwest Research Institute. 

Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (JPMA) The key objective of JPMA is the development of a competitive pharmaceutical industry with a greater awareness and understanding of international issues. Over ninety companies are members, including all the major research-based pharmaceutical manufacturers in Japan. ICH work is coordinated through specialized committees of industry experts. JPMA promotes and encourages the adoption of international standards by its member companies. 

The ballistic mortar test is considered to be the most satisfactory laboratory test for the measurement of the strength of an explosive. The design is based on the American company Du Ponfs design which was accepted as an international standard by the International Committee on Standardization of Tests on Explosives, Belgium in 1962. This has been described in detail by Taylor and Morris [85]. Ballistic Mortar (Du Pont Type) is used in the USA in preference to the Trauzl or lead block test which is considered to be a standard test in some European countries and is well known for research on explosives [86]. 

CIPM), which meets annually and oversees the work of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). The BIPM, based at Sevres just outside Paris, has the responsibility for international standards and is a center for international research and cooperation in metrology. The CIPM has created a number of advisory specialist committees (consultative committees) that are each chaired by a member of CIPM. The committee of interest to chemists is the Consultative Committee on the Amount of Substance (CCQM). It oversees the Avogadro project and coordinates a series of international interlaboratory trials called Key Comparisons (BIPM 2003), which... 

Though a standard norm or absolute reference value is not available for comparison in any of the international standard specifications and the technical and research publications with respect to the chemical resistance properties of rubber, liquid immersion tests certainly provide relative and useful data with which the suitability of anticorrosive rubber lining compounds can be assessed with a fair degree of accuracy. For this reason manufacturers and applicators of rubber lining resort to tests under simulated conditions instead of accelerated ageing immersion or swelling tests. 

Knowledge of the physical properties of materials is essential for design, specification and quality control, and the particular nature of rubbers demands that specific test procedures, rather than methods for materials in general, are used to measure almost all of the properties. The importance of the subject of rubber testing to industry and to research is witnessed by the large number of national and international standards which have been produced. 

Fay, L.B., Metairon, S., and Blank, I. 2000. Stable isotope dilution assay mass spectometry in flavour research Internal standard and calibration issues. In Frontiers of Flavour Science (P. Schieberle and K.-H. Engel, Eds.) Deutsche For-schungsanstalt ftlr Lebensmittelchemie, Garching, Germany. 

However, it is clear that the ease of collecting proteome data currently exceeds the capacity to analyse it. Therefore, international standards are being sought for proteomic experiments, such as the proteomics standards initiative (PSI, http //psidev.source forge.net/), and the proteomics experiment data repository (PEDRo, http //pedro.man.ac.uk). The aim is to provide proteomic researchers with the opportunity to query and reproduce protocols, analyse raw or metadata from other laboratories, and to link the proteome with the respective transcriptome and the metabolome. The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is establishing a defined infrastructure for human data submission, and annotation for the numerous proteomic data platforms. This will also be required to effectively develop parasitic flatworm proteomics. 

Other methods used for calculating the SPL of SRVs can be found in some technical literature. However, we could not find extensive research on this area. Note, however, that no one method appears to have been adopted by the Valve industry and that no international standard exists solely for the calculation of SRV noise. Therefore, it is important to know that when noise levels are questioned, the exact methods of calculations are comparable. 

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