Related Parameters

There are important figures of merit (5) that describe the performance of a photodetector. These are responsivity, noise, noise equivalent power, detectivity, and response time (2,6). However, there are several related parameters of measurement, eg, temperature of operation, bias power, spectral response, background photon flux, noise spectra, impedance, and linearity. Operational concerns include detector-element size, uniformity of response, array density, reflabiUty, cooling time, radiation tolerance, vibration and shock resistance, shelf life, availabiUty of arrays, and cost. 

There is some confusion in using Bayes rule on what are sometimes called explanatory variables. As an example, we can try to use Bayesian statistics to derive the probabilities of each secondary structure type for each amino acid type, that is p( x r), where J. is a, P, or Y (for coil) secondary strucmres and r is one of the 20 amino acids. It is tempting to writep( x r) = p(r x)p( x)lp(r) using Bayes rule. This expression is, of course, correct and can be used on PDB data to relate these probabilities. But this is not Bayesian statistics, which relate parameters that represent underlying properties with (limited) data that are manifestations of those parameters in some way. In this case, the parameters we are after are 0 i(r) = p( x r). The data from the PDB are in the form of counts for y i(r), the number of amino acids of type r in the PDB that have secondary structure J.. There are 60 such numbers (20 amino acid types X 3 secondary structure types). We then have for each amino acid type a Bayesian expression for the posterior distribution for the values of xiiry. 

For mathematieal traetability, the experimental data ean be modelled with a continuous distribution whieh will adequately deseribe the pattern of the data using just a single equation and its related parameters. 

All of the semieonduetor ease-related parameters are published by the semieonduetor manufaeturers. The sink-to-air parameter is published by the heatsink manufaeturers, if one buys a heatsink. If one makes his or her own, it is easy to measure these resistanees from any model. 

Evaluates the performance of each unit of a wastewater treatment plant based on hydraulic loadings, solid flux loadings, food/microorganism ratios, sludge age, settleability, and related parameters. 

The procedure described in the following section permits step-by-step quantification of fragment-related parameters. The numbers in the flow diagram in Figure 9.6 refer to the numbers of the paragraphs of this section. 

The effect of MW and MWD on the solid state properties have been extensively studied [11,12,82]. These studies have been made both on fractionated and whole polymer samples. Attempts have also been made to correlate the solution viscosity, melt viscosity, MFI and other related parameters, which represent the MW and MWD of the polymers, with the solid state properties. Table 6 summarizes the results of various studies on effect of MW and MWD on the properties of PEs. 

Rose, A. B. (1979). Energy Intensity and Related Parameters of Selected Transportation Modes Passenger Movement. Oak Ridge, TN Oak Ridge National Lalaoratoiy. 

Instead of trying to satisfy it by a power series in terms of p (or related parameters and ft2) as does Poincar6, we propose to satisfy it by a simple periodic solution, for instance... 

A RO stage can be used to reduce salinity and related parameters for high standard industrial reuse using the former UF effluent as feed stream. A pilot plant with 0.4 m h constant permeate flux capacity has been used in this demonstration. Table 7 summarizes the main technical characteristics of this plant. In order to increase the overall system recovery ratio while maintaining an acceptable... 

Jones, H., Tomos, A.D., Leigh, R.A. Wyn Jones, R.G. (1983). Water relation parameters of epidermal and cortical cells in the primary root of Triticum aestivum L. Planta, 158, 230-6. 

Steudle, E., Smith, J.A.C. Liittge, U. (1980). Water relations parameters of individual mesophyll cells of the crassulacean acid metabolism plant Kalanchoe diagre-montiana. Plant Physiology, 66, 1155-63. 

What are called physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) and pharmacodynamic (PBPD) models are more mechanistically complex and often include more compartments, more parameters, and more detailed expressions of rates and fluxes and contain more mechanistic representation. This type of model is reviewed in more detail in Section 22.5. Here, we merely classify such models and note several characteristics. PBPK models have more parameters, are more mechanistic, can exploit a wider range of data, often represent the whole body, and can be used both to describe and interpolate as well as to predict and extrapolate. Complexity of such models ranges from moderate to high. They typically contain 10 or more compartments, and can range to hundreds. The increase in the number of flux relationships between compartments and the related parameters is often more than proportional to compartment count. 

If the free-energy-related parameters for electronic (a), hydrophobic (P), and steric ( ,) factors are defined, Eq. 2 gives the well known, free-energy relationship ... 

Metabolite-related parameters have also been used directly to establish biodegradation and biotransformation, and inclnde the following examples ... 

However, with an inhomogeneous electrode surface and adsorption energies that are different at different sites, the reaction rate constant and the related parameter will also assume different values for different sites. In this case the idea that the reaction rate might be proportional to surface concentration is no longer correct. It was shown by M. Temkin that when the logarithmic adsorption isotherm (10.15) is obeyed, the reaction rate will be an exponential function of the degree of surface coverage by the reactant ... 

In silane discharges several ions are observed to be involved in a charge exchange process, and therefore maxima in their ion energy distribution at distinct energies are observed. The charge carrier density and the plasma potential that result from the fit of the lED allow for the quantification of the related parameters sheath thickness and ion flux. This method has been be used to relate the material quality of a-Si H to the ion bombardment [301. 332] see also Section 1.6.2.3. 

IV, CCR and oxidation stability are three strictly co-related parameters. As a general rale, the reduction of IV (on the same feedstock) dramatically improves the oxidation stability. On the contrary the distillation step removes the main part of naturally occurring antioxidants. For this reason, even after hydrogenation the Rancimat induction time (as measured according to the EN 14112 standard) of the hydrogenated sample does not fulfill the EN 14214 requirement for oxidation stabihty (6 hours at 110°C), 4 hours being the measured induction period. 

The pKa of a molecule, a charge-state-related parameter, is a descriptor of an acid-base equilibrium reaction [34,35]. Lipophilicity, often represented by the octanol-water partition coefficient Kp is a descriptor of a two-phase distribution equilibrium reaction [36]. So is solubility [37-39]. These three parameters are thermodynamic constants. On the other hand, permeability Pe is a rate coefficient, a kinetics parameter, most often posed in a first-order distribution reaction [40-42]. 

R and a in Eq. (38) are physiologically related parameters the reserve length therefore depends on the effective permeability only. In that regard, the reserve... 

Only a subset of the parameter values in the O Flaherfy model require inputs from the user to simulate blood and tissue lead concentrations. Lead-related parameters for which values can be entered into the model include fractional absorption from the gastrointestinal tract partition coefficients for lead in nonbone tissues and in the surface region of bone maximum capacity and half-saturation concentration for capacity-limited binding in the erythrocyte elimination clearance fractional clearance of lead from plasma into forming bone and the restricted permeability coefficients for lead diffusion within bone, from plasma into bone, and from bone into plasma (O Flaherty 1991a). 

Sakai T, Morita Y. 1996. Delta-aminolevulinic acid in plasma or whole blood as a sensitive indicator of lead effects, and its relation to the other heme-related parameters. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 68(2) 126-132. 

In order to achieve that an environmental fate model is successfully applied in a screening level risk assessment and ultimately incorporated into the decisionmaking tools, the model should have computational efficiency and modest data input. Moreover, the model should incorporate all relevant compartments and all sources of contamination and should consider the most important mechanisms of fate and transport. Although spatial models describe the environment more accurately, such models are difficult to apply because they require a large amount of input data (e.g., detailed terrain parameters, meteorological data, turbulence characteristics and other related parameters). Therefore, MCMs are more practical, especially for long-term environmental impact evaluation, because of their modest data requirements and relatively simple yet comprehensive model structure. In addition, MCMs are also widely used for the comparative risk assessment of new and existing chemicals [28-33]. 

It is well known that the characteristics of coal differ widely according to the age of the coal formation as well as to the location of coal, etc. And the reactivity during hydroliquefaction depends on the characteristics of coals. This relationship will he a guidance to select and develop coal mines. Many parameters to indicate the reactivity of coal have heen proposed (l, 2, 2). Among these parameters, carhon content, volatile matter content, value of H/C atomic ratio, reactive macerals content, etc. are reported to he relatively closely related parameters to coal reactivity. However, these relations are usually found only in limited reaction conditions. Therefore, attempts to find better parameters still continue. 

The relations between coal reactivity and several parameters are shown in Figs. 3 to 8. In these figures the reactivity of coal is measured by conversion. In the results, volatile carbon % is selected as a more closely related parameter than the common parameters, such as C%9 H, 0, H/C atomic ratio, volatile matter, etc. 

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