Internal ear

Hair cells are the sensory cells of the auditory and vestibular systems. Hair cells are the sensory cells of the internal ear, essential for the senses of sound and balance. The hair cell s transduction apparatus, the molecular machinery that converts forces and displacements into electrical responses, can respond to mechanical stimuli of less than 1 nm in amplitude, and of tens or even hundreds of kilohertz in frequency. Indeed, our hearing is ultimately limited by Brownian motion of water molecules impinging on the transduction apparatus. 

Even though well-characterized at a biophysical level, the mechanical transduction mechanism of hair cells is still not fully understood in molecular terms. This discrepancy is in part due to the extreme scarcity of hair cells instead of the millions or even hundreds of millions of receptor cells that the olfactory and visual systems possess, only a few tens of thousands of hair cells are found in the internal ears of most vertebrate species. The small number of hair cells and the direct transduction mechanism has greatly impeded molecular biological and... 

Examine the head, upper and lower jaws and lips, snout, naris, diagrams and relevant descriptions correspond. Nasolabial sul-cus/cleft, nasal cavity and septum, oral cavity, palate, palatine ridges, incisors, cranium, pinna, eyelid, eye/lens, retina, cornea, vitreous and aqueous chambers, nasopharynx, olfactory lobe, cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles, cranial nerves, third ventricle, pituitary, pineal gland, thalamus, perimeningeal space, and internal ear. 

While the external ear and ear canal serve as a pathway for the entrance of sound into the internal ear, they are infrequently affected by toxic exposure. Caustics and irritants are the only agents commonly producing toxicity at this level. 

Physiological.—Calcium carbonate is much more abundant in the lower than in the higher forms of animal life. It occurs in the egg-shells of birds, in the bones and teeth of all animals in solution iu the saliva and urine of the herbivora, and deposited in the ciystalline form, as otoliths, in the internal ear of man. It is deposited pathologically in calcifications, in parotid calculi, and oocasioDally ia human urinary calculi and sediments. 

Buphenine is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease. It has also been employed in the treatment of Meniere s disease and similar disorders of the internal ear. 

Nuc/ear Pomr Reactors in the Worlds 1994 ed., International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austtia, 1994. 

In 1989, over 500,000 t/yr of ethylene were traded internationally. The principal exporting countries were in the Middle East, and the principal importing countries were in Western Europe and Asia/Pacific. The tanker fleet that transported the ethylene numbered approximately 30 vessels with capacities ranging from 2000—6500 t (110). These tankers are of the semi-refrigerated type, and transport Hquid ethylene at atmospheric pressure and —104°C. The tankers include rehquefaction plants on board since it is too expensive to vent ethylene. To accommodate the increase in international trade of ethylene, ethylene terminals have been built in the United States, Ear East, Western Europe, and the Middle East with capacities of 35,000 t, 300,000 t, and 70,000 t, respectively (110). 

Provisions for primary and emergeney eommunieations (internal, e.g. with staff, emergeney personnel, and external, e.g. with die press, emergeney serviees, hospital, employees relatives, telephone links and radios) require eareful assessment. If diere is a flammable hazard on site, radios may need to be intrinsieally safe or flameproof. 

Gilbert, J. K., Rutherford, M. (1998). Models in explanations Part 2 Whose voice Whose ears International Journal of Science Education, 20(2), 187-203. 

Pilo, A., Zucchelli, G. C., Cohen, R., Bizollon, C. A. Performance of immunoassays for CA 19-9, CA 15-3 and CA 125 tumor markers evaluated from an international quality assessment survey. Ear. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 34,143-150 (1996). 

The PNS contains only nerves. These provide the connections between the CNS and, for example, the muscles, sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, fingertips,...), and internal body organs. Motor neurons activate muscles. Controlling neurons, intemeurons, modulate the sensitivity of motor neurons to sensory neuron input. 

In thinking about how to calculate the internal representation of a signal one could dream of a method where all the transformation characteristics of the individual elements of the human auditory system would be measured and modelled. In this exact approach one would have the, next to impossible, task of modelling the ear, the transduction mechanism and the neural processing at a number of different abstraction levels. 

One can doubt whether it is necessary to have an exact model of the lower abstraction levels of the auditory system (outer-, middle-, inner ear, transduction). Because audio quality judgements are, in the end, a cognitive process a crude approximation of the internal representation followed by a crude cognitive interpretation may be more appropriate then having an exact internal representation without cognitive interpretation of the differences. 

Which of these objects are chiral An ear a glove, a bolt, a femur, a soda can (ignore the writing), a human body (ignore minor differences on the right and left sides and the internal anatomy). 

After a few weeks, the mycelium solidifies to the externally dark-colored, internally white pseudoparenchyma, which forms the so-called sclerotium known as ergot. The fungus Claviceps purpurea and related species also attack other plants of the Gramineae (1) family and form sclerotia, the shape and size of which vary with the species of the host plant. The official form of ergot, however, is the product that forms on the ears of rye. 

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