Neuronal control

Eriksson, K. S., Sergeeva, O. A., Selbach, O. 8r Haas, H. L. (2004). Orexin (hypocretin)/ dynorphin neurons control GABAergic inputs to tuberomammillary neurons. Bur. ]. Neurosci. 19, 1278-84. 

Kimura F, Funabashi T (1998) Two subgroups of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons control gonadotropin secretion in rats. News Physiol Sci 13 225-231... 

Yoon, H., Enquist, L.W. and Dulac, C. (2005) Olfactory inputs to hypothalamic neurons controlling reproduction and fertility. Cell 123, 669-682. 

Bieger D. (1984). Muscarinic activation of rhombencephalic neurones controlling oesophageal peristalsis in the rat. Neuropharmacology. 23(12A) 1451-64. 

Epinephrine is a hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands from tyrosine (see p. 352). Its release is subject to neuronal control. This emergency hormone mainly acts on the blood vessels, heart, and metabolism. It constricts the blood vessels and thereby increases blood pressure (via ai and a2 receptors) it increases cardiac function (via P2 receptors) it promotes the degradation of glycogen into glucose in the liver and muscles (via P2 receptors) and it dilates the bronchia (also via P2 receptors). 

The parasympathetic cholinergic pathway emanating from the vagus nerve exerts the main neuronal control in human airways. The cholinergic efferent nerves synapse in ganglia within the airways, and from there,... 

It is believed that fine cytoplasmic arms connect the nuclei-containing portion of the myocytons with the contractile components such that many parenchymal cells are in fact myocytons (Lumsden and Hildreth, 1983). Also, some cytoplasmic arms are believed to form multiple neuromuscular junctions that provide for neuronal control/modulation of muscle activity. Limited information is available on the functional relationship of trematode nerve and muscle although the situation in ces-todes has been described as polyneuronal and polyterminal in that each neuron can form synapse-like contacts with multiple myocytons and each myocyton can synapse with several neurons (Webb, 1987). Morphologically atypical synapses and paracrine release sites have been described in the relationship between muscle and nerve in flatworms details on the role they play are not available, although they are believed to facilitate nerve-muscle communication. 

ANTAGONIZING ACETYLCHOLINE Curare, found in a resinous extract of the plants Chondrodendrott tomentosum and Strychnos toxifera from the Orinoco and Amazon basins in South America, is an antagonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curare does not cross the blood—brain barrier, and therefore its actions are expressed only outside of the brain at the neuromuscular junction where neurons control muscles. Curare is extremely lethal for one simple reason—it blocks the nicotinic receptors located on the diaphragm therefore, death from curare results from asphyxiation. Imagine you ve been shot by a curare-tipped arrow you d be awake, fully aware of having been shot, yet completely unable to move, speak, or, ultimately, breathe. 

Wang HS, McKinnon D (1995) Potassium currents in rat prevertebral and paravertebral sympathetic neurones control of firing properties. J Physiol 485 (Pt 2) 319-35 Wang JK, Walaas SI, Sihra TS et al (1989) Phosphorylation and associated translocation of the 87-kDa protein, a major protein kinase C substrate, in isolated nerve terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 2253-6... 

Ramaswamy S. B., Qiu Y. and Park Y. I. (1996) Neuronal control of post-coital pheromone production in the moth Heliothis virescens. J. Exp. Zool. 274, 255-263. 

Bancila M, Verge D, Rampin O, et al. 5-Hydroxytryptamine2C receptors on spinal neurons controlling penile erection in the rat. Nemoscience 1999 92 1523-1537. 

The significant meshing of the neuronal control areas for sleep and hormone release and their connections to mood relevant brain areas suggest that functional interdependencies also exist and that these also become evident in the system disturbances. The block diagram in Fig. 7.5 mainly emphasizes on the parts which are of particular relevance for those autonomous parameters which are the most clearly accessible markers of mental disorders the increased blood cortisol level and changes of the sleep EEG pattern. 

We have considered that all these systems are under neuronal control. While the relation between neural activity and different mood states is unknown so far, it is well established that physiologically relevant transitions in autonomous functions like sleep-wake cycles and cortisol release are associated with signifi-... 

Simon HH, Saueressig H, Wurst W, Goulding MD, O Leary DDM (2001) Fate of midbrain dopaminergic neurons controlled by the engrailed genes. J Neurosci 21 3126-3134. 

Another principal means of action potential generation consists in spontaneous, rhythmic membrane depolarization. This occurs in specialized pacemaker cells in heart and smooth muscle. Therefore, while these tissues are modulated by neuronal and hormonal influences, they are capable of self-stimulation in the absence of any neuronal control. 

Therefore, corneal absorption depends on the integral tear film concentration (also known as the area under the curve) during the first 10 to 20 minutes after instillation of drug. Absorption is subject to modification by many factors, including other drugs, preservatives, infection, inflammation, or neuronal control, which can greatly affect drug bioavailability at the desired site of action. 

As a result of proteolytic enzyme secretion into the duodenum, protein or peptide drugs, such as corticotropin, vasopressin, and insulin, are rapidly degraded and generally cannot be given orally. Secretory activity of the pancreas is under hormonal and neuronal control. 

Richards W G, Sugarbaker D J 1995 Neuronal control of esophageal function. Chest Surgery Clinics of North America 5 157-171... 

Ito M (1984) The Cerebellum and Neuronal Control. Raven Press, New York. 

Melanocortins and central neurons controlling neuromuscular responses... 

Friesen, W.0.1989. Neuronal control of leech swimming movements. In Neuronal and Cellular Oscillators. J.W. Jacklet, ed. Marcel Dekker, New York and Basel, pp. 269-316. 

Leonard, C, S-, and Llinas, R. (1994). Serotonergic and cholinergic inhibition of mesopontine cholinergic neurons controlling REM sleep An in vitro electrophysiological study. Neuntsciettce 59, 309-330. 

The respiratory centers arc neuronal groups found primarily in the medulla and pons of the brain stem. The medullary respiratory center comprises a dorsal and ventral group, located in the reticular formation of the medulla below the fourth ventricle. They are believed to be central targets for OP toxicity through an unknown mechanism. Damage to these neuronal control centers will affect inspiration and expiration. 

The release of neurotransmitters and their recognition by receptors on the postsynaptic neuron control the electrical action potentials that transmit the information. The intensity of electrical activity is modulated by neurotransmitters produced in the neuronal cell bodies and transported along axons to their terminals, where they are stored until secreted into the synapse. As the result of electrical action potentials traveling down axons, neurotransmitters are released into the synapses. After the neurotransmitter enters the synapse, it modulates the electrical activity of the postsynaptic neuron. 

Nope. The medulla oblongata is a bunch of neurons packed together in the back of the brain. These neurons control bodily functions such as your heartbeat, breathing patterns, the constriction or dilation of blood vessels, sneezing, and swallowing. 

In addition to cortical motor neurons, control of the musculosketal system also relies on afferent receptors or sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord. The simplest nerve pathways lead directly from sensory neurons to motor neurons, and are known as reflex arcs. One such example is the withdrawal reflex. When skin receptors sense something is hot or sharp (a pin prick, for example), a sensory impulse is sent to the spinal cord, where an intemeuron integrates the information and relays it to a motor neuron. The motor neuron in turn transmits a signal to the appropriate flexor muscle, which contracts and thus completes the reflex loop. 

Razavi R, Chan Y, Aflfiyan FN, Liu XJ, Wan X, Yantha J et al (2006) TRPVl-t sensory neurons control P-cell stress and islet inflammation in autoimmune diabetes. Cell... 

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