Third ventricle

The paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus is located adjacent to the third ventricle and has been identified as a satiety center. Neurons in the paraventricular nucleus produce neuropeptides which inhibit feeding when injected into the brain (thyrotropinreleasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), oxytocin). 

The pituitary gland lies deep within the cranial vault, connected to the brain by the infundibular stalk (a downward extension of the floor of the third ventricle) and protected by an indentation of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica (see Fig. 50-1). The pituitary gland, a small, gray rounded structure, has two parts ... 

FIGURE 1-1 Coronal section of the human brain at the thalamic level stained by the Heidenhain technique for myelin. Gray matter stains faintly, all myelinated regions are black. The thalamus ( ) lies beneath the lateral ventricles and is separated at this level by the beginning of the third ventricle. The roof of the lateral ventricles is formed by the corpus callosum (small arrows). Ammon s horns are shown by the large arrows. Note the outline of gyri and sulci at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, sectioned here near the junction of the frontal and parietal cortices. 

FIGURE 14-2 The histaminergic system of the rat brain. (A) Frontal sections through the posterior hypothalamus showing the location of histaminergic neurons. Arc, arcuate nucleus DM, dorsomedial nucleus LM, lateral mammillary nucleus MM, medial mammillary nucleus MR, mammillary recess PM, premammillary nucleus 3V, third ventricle VMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. (Modified with permission from reference [5].)... 

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in chambers within the brain called ventricles. Two lateral ventricles and a midline third ventricle are contained within the cerebrum, while the fourth ventricle exists within the brain stem. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the lateral and third ventricles. It flows out through the ventricles by a series of aqueducts and into subarachnoid space. CSF supports the brain and spinal cord, ab-... 

Weit We did this but we didn t see any effect. We tried immunoneutrahzing antibodies to a number of factors on the grounds that if these factors diffuse through the third ventricle on the way to their targets, you might be able to tie them up. We have not seen any significant effects on locomotor behaviour. 

The blood-brain barrier is not found in all parts of the brain. Certain small areas, including the area postrema beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle, an area in the preoptic recess, and portions of the floor of the third ventricle surrounding the stalk of the pituitary, appear to be devoid of this barrier. 

Examine the head, upper and lower jaws and lips, snout, naris, diagrams and relevant descriptions correspond. Nasolabial sul-cus/cleft, nasal cavity and septum, oral cavity, palate, palatine ridges, incisors, cranium, pinna, eyelid, eye/lens, retina, cornea, vitreous and aqueous chambers, nasopharynx, olfactory lobe, cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles, cranial nerves, third ventricle, pituitary, pineal gland, thalamus, perimeningeal space, and internal ear. 

Edery, H. 1962. Effects of organophosphorus compounds, oximes and atropine Injected Into the third ventricle of unanaesthe-tlzed dogs. Brit. J. Pharmacol. Chemotherap. 18 19-28. 

Cerebellar atrophy, third ventricle enlargement, and high ventricle-to-brain ratios in chronic schizophrenic patients... 

The area of the brain enclosing the third ventricle is the diencephalon. This area consists of several important structures, including the thalamus and hypothalamus. The thalamus contains distinct nuclei that are crucial in the integration of certain types of sensations and their relay to other areas of the brain (such as the somatosensory cortex). The hypothalamus is involved in the control of diverse body functions including temperature control, appetite, water balance, and certain emotional reactions. The hypothalamus is also... 

Generally, but not invariably, postmortem macroscopic examination of the brain reveals cerebral atrophy with narrowed convolutions, widened sulci, and enlarged lateral and third ventricles. On microscopic examination brain specimens from patients with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer s disease are characterized by widely spread cortical senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and granulovascular degeneration. 

Fig. 2 (a) The optical image of a rat brain from a coronal section, (b) Matrix-assisted laser desorp-tion/ionization (MALDI)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS images of astemizole in the rat brain slice without perfusion and (c) with perfusion cortex, hippocampus, corpus callosum, hypothalamic region, thalamus region, choroid plexus, dorsal third ventricle, and lateral ventricle are indicated by arrows, (d) MALDI-MS/MS images of M-14 metabolite of astemizole in the rat brain slice (Li et al. [152], Reproduced with permission from Future Science Ltd)... 

The BBB is found throughout the brain and spinal cord except for a small number of isolated regions of brain that line the ventricles, the large cavities in the middle of the brain. These circumventricular organs (CVOs) include the choroid plexus (a patch of tissue that lines the floors of the ventricles and manufactures cerebrospinal fluid), the median eminence of the hypothalamus, the subfornical organ at the roof of the third ventricle and the area postrema at the base of the fourth ventricle. 

DeMeyer, M. K., Gilmore, R., DeMeyer, W. E., Hendrie, H., Edwards, M., Franco, J. N. (1984). Third ventricle size and ventricular/brain ratio in treatment-resistant psychiatric patients. Journal of Operational Psychiatry, 15, 2-8. 

Fig. 2. Distribution of TH-IR neurons in the arcurate nucleus (ARC). (Left Panel) Low power image depicting the ARC and median eminence (ME) in relation to the third ventricle (3V). Dashed lines indicate inset shown in the right panel. (Right Panel) High power image depicting TH-IR perikarya in the dorsomedial (DM) and ventrolateral (VL) subdivisions of the ARC. TH-IR neurons in the DM-ARC and VL-ARC are separated by a TH-IR cell-free zone demarcated by a line extending laterally at an angle of 30° from the lateral aperature of the third ventricle (Meister et al., 1988).

Perikarya of PeVDA neurons are distributed in the periventricular nucleus throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the third ventricle (Chan-Palay et al., 1984 van den Pol et al., 1984). Dendrites of these neurons are oriented in the dorsoventral plane and overlap extensively with dendrites from adjacent IHDA neurons. PeVDA perikarya are also... 

Hypothalamus is a region of the human brain lying below the thalamus at the floor of the third ventricle. It lies just above the pituitary gland which it supiplies with various regulatory factors. 

Basal meningitis Pituitary tumor Tumor of third ventricle Syphilis of midbrain Tumor of pons Syringobulbia Syringomyelia... 

The authors claimed that this was the first report of this problem. Referring to the observation that baclofen injection into the cerebral ventricles can produce fever in rats (15), they assumed that rostral spread of baclofen could have initiated a thermoregulatory response via the chemo-trigger zone in the third ventricle. They suggested that a percutaneous subarachnoid catheter could facilitate the decision to either proceed with or abort surgical catheter or pump implantation when baclofen is associated with fever. 

In two cases, ventriculography with iofendylate resulted in adhesions with obstruction to the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid (in one case at the level of the third ventricle, in the other at the level of the fourth) producing obstructive hydrocephalus (SED-12,1180) (297). 

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