Lateral ventricles

Nevertheless NGF from mouse mandibular gland has been infused into the right lateral ventricle of two patients (67 and 57 years) for three months at a rate of 75 pg/h. The younger showed no change in memory performance the older some improvement after one month, which ceased after the infusion was stopped. Both patients had various reversible side-effects such as back pain and weight loss. 

Embedded within the brain are four ventricles or chambers that form a continuous fluid-filled system. In the roof of each of these ventricles is a network of capillaries referred to as the choroid plexus. It is from the choroid plexuses of the two lateral ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere) that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is primarily derived. Due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the selective transport processes of the choroid plexus determine the composition of the CSF. Therefore, the composition of the CSF is markedly different from the composition of the plasma. However, the CSF is in equilibrium with the interstitial fluid of the brain and contributes to the maintenance of a consistent chemical environment for neurons, which serves to optimize their function. 

A role for A2 Rs in sleep-wake regulation was also supported by studies in mice with constitutional knockout of A2ARs (Urade et al., 2003). Infusion into the lateral ventricle of CGS 21680 increased NREM and REM sleep in wild-type mice, but not in the knockouts. In contrast, the AiR agonist CPA did not affect sleep in either genotype, which indicated that AiRs could not compensate for the absence of A2aRs under these conditions. 

PGD2 infusion into the lateral ventricle of mice increased NREM sleep preferentially over REM sleep (Mizoguchi et al, 2001), in good agreement with our... 

FIGURE 1-1 Coronal section of the human brain at the thalamic level stained by the Heidenhain technique for myelin. Gray matter stains faintly, all myelinated regions are black. The thalamus ( ) lies beneath the lateral ventricles and is separated at this level by the beginning of the third ventricle. The roof of the lateral ventricles is formed by the corpus callosum (small arrows). Ammon s horns are shown by the large arrows. Note the outline of gyri and sulci at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, sectioned here near the junction of the frontal and parietal cortices. 

FIGURE 29-5 In the adult rodent brain, dividing cells in the subventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricle migrate in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and differentiate into olfactory neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB). This is one site of neuronal turnover in the adult that appears to result from persistent generation of neurons from adult CNS stem cells. CIS, cerebellum NC, neocortex. 

Recent data utilizing a polysynaptic withdrawal reflex suggest that, in intact rats, a disinhibition hypothesis may be necessary to explain some of the facilitatory effects of hallucinogens. Low to moderate doses of the hallucinogen 5-MeODMT administered into the lateral ventricle facilitated (i.e., decreased the latency of) the tail flick response to radiant stimulation of the tail (22). Furthermore, either spinal transection alone or systemic administration of 5-HT antagonists in intact... 

Divalent mercury in rats has been reported to poorly penetrate the blood-brain barrier [23], However, there is an impairment of the blood-brain barrier within hours after mercury treatment [24, 25], By means of autoradiographic techniques, it was demonstrated [26] that after a single intravenous injection of labelled mercuric chloride, large portions of the radioactive mercury were detected in the cerebellar grey matter, area postrema, hypothalamus and areas near the lateral ventricle of mice. 

Large doses of sodium fluoroacetate injected intravenously into the lateral ventricles of the brain of cats produced increases in the electrical activity of the thalamus and hypothalamus.3 Rises in blood glucose to 400 mg./lOO ml. have been reported. 

The sedative action of noradrenaline has been known since 1 954, when FELDBERG and SHERWOOD (47) injected the substance into the lateral ventricle of cats, thus avoiding the blood-brain barrier. Similar results have been obtained with adrenaline, which LEIMDORFER (48) proved to be active in producing deep sleep in man by injecting 2 mg intracisternally. The sedative action of methyidopa is well known from its clinical use. 

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in chambers within the brain called ventricles. Two lateral ventricles and a midline third ventricle are contained within the cerebrum, while the fourth ventricle exists within the brain stem. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the lateral and third ventricles. It flows out through the ventricles by a series of aqueducts and into subarachnoid space. CSF supports the brain and spinal cord, ab-... 

It is more difficult to account for the frequently reported fact that bilateral damage to the white matter immediately inferior to the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles obliterates dreaming (see Solms, 1997 for review). 

Examine the head, upper and lower jaws and lips, snout, naris, diagrams and relevant descriptions correspond. Nasolabial sul-cus/cleft, nasal cavity and septum, oral cavity, palate, palatine ridges, incisors, cranium, pinna, eyelid, eye/lens, retina, cornea, vitreous and aqueous chambers, nasopharynx, olfactory lobe, cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles, cranial nerves, third ventricle, pituitary, pineal gland, thalamus, perimeningeal space, and internal ear. 

Possible abnormalities that can be observed include microphthalmia/anophthalmia, retinal fold, dilated lateral ventricles, and hemorrhages affecting the brain. 

Right lateral ventricle Right cerebral hemispehere... 

Lett lateral ventricle Subdural space Left cerebral hemisphere... 

---