Internal control legislation

The employer s duty to perform regular inspections of the workplaces is laid down in the legislation of many countries and in voluntary SHE management standards (Section 2.2). According to internal control legislation in e.g. the Scandinavian countries, the United Kingdom and the USA, the employer must... 

The first statement is the one that is to be followed, however, if this approach is accepted, glass should be excluded as a packaging material since it contains lead, though this lead cannot be extracted. Anyway, a new legislation is on its way. For many years the effective international control of additives has been done by the US FDA, and most plastics and additives are tested according to these standards. 

The purpose of the Decree and the four regulations is threefold (Sect, i of the Decree) To further a high standard for safety, achieve a systematic implementation of measures to fulfil safety requirements and objectives, and further develop and improve safety standards. While the first and last of these objectives aim directly at the fundamental objective of any safety legislation, the second objective points in a slightly different direction in order to be able to systematically implement relevant measures to comply with safety requirements, the responsible party has to establish an administrative and organisational structure for this purpose. This objective thus constitutes the inception of the internal control system (Subsection 5.1.2 (b)). 

Therefore, the preference for function requirements is closely linked to the emergence of the internal control system it becomes vital that the responsible party is in a position to be able to make the correct choices within the function framework defined by safety legislation. This internal prescription of norms is one element of internal control, the other being the act of checking that these norms are complied with and the introduction of possible corrective measures see further in Subsection 5.6.1. 

The most general indirect safety requirement is the provision that obliges the party responsible to establish, follow up and further develop a management system designed to ensure eompliance with requirements in the health, safely and environment legislation . This is the very basis for the internal control system. 

In relation to the industry safety management, the request for an internal control system means that the industry is forced to establish a structured system for managing safety issues. Inherent in this system are also the technical and organisational prerequisites for making the right choices within the flexible framework defined by, inter aha, function requirements - and indeed also the prerequisites for identifying such flexibility. Consequently, the internal control as it is required under the safety legislation is a crucial factor in the industry s internal prescription of norms (5). 

In 1981, new rules concerning licences internal control were established by NPD, followed in 1985 by the regulation of internal control. The regulation has been developed step by step in the direction of increased use of functional requirements throu reference to legal standards as traits of the common law principle in Norwegian legislation (Brant Lindoe, 2008). As a consequence, there has heen a decrease in the use of specific requirements in the legislative texts. This... 

The EU legislation, which follows on from the 1961 and 1971 UN Conventions, treats an international control system to monitor the production of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances by prohibiting any use of substances not previously permitted by the national authorities. Under these... 

For many years the effective international control has been the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and most plastics and additives are tested to these standards. In Europe, there is extensive national legislation and one of the most influential bodies has been the German Federal Health Ministry (Bundesgesundheitsamt CBGA) which is frequently cited in material specifications. 

Let us look closer at the Norwegian internal control regulations, which are a typical example of the types of requirements that the employers have to meet. According to this legislation, there must be routines inside the company to ... 

Recently, there have been significant developments in NOx control legislation, both nationally and internationally. 

PGM catalyst technology can also be appHed to the control of emissions from stationary internal combustion engines and gas turbines. Catalysts have been designed to treat carbon monoxide, unbumed hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in the exhaust, which arise as a result of incomplete combustion. To reduce or prevent the formation of NO in the first place, catalytic combustion technology based on platinum or palladium has been developed, which is particularly suitable for appHcation in gas turbines. Environmental legislation enacted in many parts of the world has promoted, and is expected to continue to promote, the use of PGMs in these appHcations. 

S. H. Hochheiser, Synthetic Foods Colors in the United States A. History Under Regulation, University Microfilms International, 83-04269, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1986. An excellent history of the development of legislation to control colorants used in foods, dmgs, and cosmetics. 

As indicated above, national policies and international conventions have been invoked to curb known, and usually obvious, sources of marine pollution. National legislation is used to control coastal discharges of contaminants. A major problem remains owing to the inadequate treatment of sewage prior to emission from land-based sources. The most important deleterious effects in this case are with respect to microbial water quality. This can have a direct influence on bathing criteria and result in beach closures during contamination episodes. An additional problem from land-based sources pertains to transboundary effects, whereby pollution may inadvertently be exported from one country to another. 

The chapter on Radioactive chemicals (Chapter 11) has been updated. Considerations of safety in design (Chapter 12) are presented separately from systems of work requirements, i.e. Operating procedures (Chapter 13). Tlie considerations for Marketing and transportation of hazardous chemicals are now addressed in two separate chapters (Chapters 14 and 15). Chemicals and the Environment are now also covered in two chapters (Chapters 16 and 17) to reflect the requirement that the impact of chemicals on the environment should be properly assessed, monitored and controlled. Although a substantial contribution to atmospheric pollution is made by emissions from road vehicles and other means of transport, and this is now strictly legislated for, this topic is outside the scope of this text. Chapter 18 provides useful conversion factors to help with the myriad of units used internationally. 

In 1978 the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry produced a comprehensive summary of the objectives of External Quality Assessment (IFCC 1978). The first six points of Table 4.1 summarize the IFCC objectives the seventh has developed since that time and is of considerable importance in many countries where strict control over laboratories undertaking particular types of work is required by legislation or by appropriate professional organizations. 

This chapter will give an overview of recent international trends and initiatives regarding chemicals in leather and articles containing leather. That includes the identification of chemicals in the produced leather that are common on restricted substance lists and present ongoing recent initiatives to control the impact from these chemicals including both legislative measures and initiatives from customers such as international brands or purchasing sectors and different eco-labels. 

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