Chemical-radioactive

AT123D (31) is a series of soil or groundwater analytical submodels, each submodel addressing pollutant transport in 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensions for saturated or unsaturated soils for chemical, radioactive waste heat pollutants and for different types of releases. The model can provide up to 450 submodel combinations in order to accommodate various conditions analytically. 

Percutaneous absorption can be determined by applying a known amount of chemical to a specified surface area and then measuring the level of the chemical in the urine and/or feces. To correct for incomplete excretion of the material in urine/feces levels are measured following parenteral administration of the chemical. Radioactive-labeled chemicals, usually carbon 14 or tritium, are widely used for analytic convenience. Ingestion of the test material by the animal must be prevented, and this may require restraint of the animal or design of specialized protective apparatus for the site of application. Because urine and feces are collected for analysis, specialized cages are also required. 

At the end of an experiment, all waste (chemical, radioactive, microbiological and sharps) should be disposed of in an approved manner. 

Human health biomonitoring using biomarkers and chemical analyses are used in the following applications (1) Health surveillance of persons who are known to have high occupational or environmental exposures to potentially toxic chemicals. This may include those who work with chemicals, radioactive materials, or biohazards as part of their occupation. Examples include factory workers, chemical industry employees, farmers, health care professionals, nuclear plant employees, and veterans of the Gulf War I. This may also consist of those who are involuntarily exposed to such hazards in their everyday surroundings. Some examples are people living near land fills, factories, hazardous waste sites, or environmental catastrophes such as the Chernobyl... 

Here we consider a number of potential water contaminants which, for want of space for details, are grouped together. Included are candidates such as toxic heavy metals, pesticides, water- and weed-treatment chemicals, radioactive particles, and the like. 

Chemically, radioactive molybdate Mo04 converts to radioactive pertechnetate ion (TCO4 ). The radioactive Tc04 is removed from the generator when needed. It is administered to the patient as an aqueous salt solution that has an osmotic pressure identical to that of human blood. 

Many of the chemical elements and their compounds are toxic and should be handled with due respect and care. In recent years there has been greatly increased knowledge and awareness of the health hazards associated with chemicals, radioactive materials. 

Radon is a relatively inert noble gas that does not readily interact chemically with other elements. However, radon is a radioactive element and evaluation of the adverse health effects due to exposure to radon requires a slightly different approach than other chemicals. Radioactive elements are those that undergo spontaneous transformation (decay) in which energy is released (emitted) either in the form of particles, such as alpha and beta particles, or photons, such as gamma or X-ray. This disintegration or decay results in the formation of new elements, some of which may themselves be radioactive, in which case they will also decay. The process continues until a stable (nonradioactive) state is reached (See Appendix B for more information). 

Many of the chemical elements and their compounds are toxic and should be handled with due respect and care. In recent years there has been a greatly increased knowledge and awareness of the health hazards associated with chemicals, radioactive matmals, and other agents. Anyone working with the elements and certain of their compounds should become thoroughly familiar with the prt r safeguards to be taken. Information on specific hazards and recommended exposure limits may also be found in Section 16. Reference should also be made to publications such as the following ... 

Philosophies (operation, maintenance, safety, relief, venting) Materials (hazardous chemicals, radioactive)... 

Universal precautions/OSHA regulations for bloodborne pathogens contacts Chemical, radioactive materials, biological toxins spills and releases Corporate institutional generic safety policies/procedures as applicable for ... 

The committee recommends that the Environmental Protection Agency encourage safe disposal of chemical-radioactive (mixed) waste materials with short haU-lives by excluding the decay-in-storage period from the current 90-day limitation on storage of hazardous waste. 

The physical and health hazards associated with chemicals should be determined before working with them This determination may involve consulting literature references. Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries (LCSSs), Matmal Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), or other reference materials (see also Chapter 3, section 3.B) and may require discussions with the laboratory supervisor and consultants such as safety and industrial hygiene officers. Every step of the waste minimization and removal processes should be checked against federal, state, and local regulations. Production of mixed chemical-radioactive-biological waste (see Chapter 7, section 7.C.1.3) should not be considered without discussions with environmental health and safety experts. 

Multihazardous waste is waste that contains any combination of chemical, radioactive, or biological hazards. The combinations of these hazards are illustrated in Figure 7.2. Although many of the principles discussed for chemically hazardous waste earlier in this... 

Multihazardous waste, (a) Chemical-radioactive waste, or mixed waste," (b) chemical-biological waste, (c) radioactive biological waste, and (d) chemical-radioactive biological waste. 

Minimize the waste s hazards. Waste minimization methods specific to chemical, radioactive, or biological waste can be applied to multihazardous waste to mitigate or eliminate one hazard, which wOl then allow it to be managed as a single-hazard waste. For example, the substitution of nonignitable liquid scintillation fluid (LSF) for toluene-based LSF reduces a chemical-radioactive waste to a radioactive waste. 

Procedures for the solidification and stabilization of inorganic compounds from mixed waste (using concrete or epoxy resin) to meet federal land ban restrictions have been outlined (40 CFR 268). This method may also abate the waste s chemical hazard and render a chemical-radioactive waste a radioactive waste. For example, waste lead citrate and uranyl acetate mixtures from electron microscopy can be solidified with port-land cement, which may be accepted for burial at a low-level radioactive waste site. 

Certain waste treatments reduce multiple hazards in one step. For example, incineration can destroy oxidizable organic chemicals and infectious agents, waste feed rates can be controlled to meet emission limits for volatile radionuclides, and radioactive ash can be disposed of as a dry radioactive waste. Likewise, some chemical treatment methods (e.g., those using bleach) both oxidize toxic chemicals and disinfect biological hazards. Such treatment could convert a chemical-radioactive-biological waste to a radioactive waste. 

Multihazardous waste is a by-product of various kinds of critically important work in, for example, clinical and environmental laboratories. With the help of several experts as part of a special subcommittee, the committee studied the disposal of various combinations of chemical, radioactive, and biological waste. Few disposal facilities exist for multihazardous waste, and some waste materials are so unique and occur in such small quantities that there is no commercial incentive for developing special legal means for handling them. 

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