Interleukin-2 receptor, soluble

Sublingual immunotherapy Allergy Interleukin-2 receptor Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 Immunoglobulin G4 sE-selectin Interleukin Immunoglobulin E... 

For some cytokine receptors, including the growth hormone receptor and several interleukin receptors, soluble isoforms have been described that comprise all or part of the extracellular domain and may be able to bind the extracellular ligands. By association with other subunits of heterooligomeric receptors, e. g., the gpl30 subunit, these soluble isoforms can function as agonists or antagonists. 

Nearly all of the interleukins are soluble molecules (one form of IL-1 is cell associated). They promote their biological response by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells. Most interleukins exhibit paracrine activity (i.e. the target cells are in the immediate vicinity of the producer cells), although some display autocrine activity (e.g. IL-2 can stimulate the growth and differentiation of the cells that produce it). Other interleukins display more systematic endocrine effects (e.g. some activities of IL-1). 

Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Sakamoto H, Ohno Y, Sugiura Y, Okamoto H, Tanaka A, Kakinoki Y, Kishimoto K, Hayashi M Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis before and after immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996 77 203-208. Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka A, Kakinoki Y, Washio Y, Kato A, Masamoto T, Sakamoto H, Yamada K Ten-year follow-up study of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G4, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-4, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in serum of patients on immunotherapy for perennial allergic rhinitis. Scand J Immunol 1998 47 167-178. 

Maes M, Meltzer HY, Bosmans E, Bergmans R, Vandoolaeglie E, Ranjan R, Desnyder R (1995a) hia eased plasma concentrations of mterleukrn-6, soluble interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2 and ti ansfenin receptor in major depression. J Affect Disord 34 301—309. 

Kaneyama K, Segami N, Sun W, et al. (2005). Analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-lbeta, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II,... 

Logsdon, N. J., Jones, B. C., Josephson, K, Cook, J., and Walter, M. R. (2002). Comparison of interleukin-22 and interleukin-10 soluble receptor complexes. 

D13. van Deuren, M., Kinetics of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors, interleukin 1 -beta and its receptor antagonist during serious infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13,12-16 (1994). 

Morton, T.A., D.B. Bennett, E.R. Appelbaum, D.M. Cusimano, K.O. Johanson, R.E. Matico, RR. Young, M. Doyle, and I.M. Chaiken. 1994. Analysis of the interaction between human interleukin-5 and the soluble domain of its receptor using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. J Mol Recognit 7 47-55. 

Diveu C, Venereau E, Froger J, et al Molecular and functional characterization of a soluble form of oncostatin M/interleukin-31 shared receptor. J Biol Chem 2006 281 36673-36682. Stress C, Radtke S, Clahsen T, et al Oncostatin M receptor-mediated signal transduction is negatively regulated by SOCS3 through a receptor tyrosine-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2006 281 8458-8468. 

B lymphocytes, which as APCs present viral fragments on their surfaces, are recognized by helper T cells (blue) or their T cell receptors (9). Stimulated by interleukins, selective clonal replication then takes place of B cells that carry antigen receptors matching those of the pathogen (10). These mature into plasma cells (11) and finally secrete large amounts of soluble antibodies (12). 

Pruitt, J.H., et al. (1996) Increased soluble interleukin-1 type 11 receptor concentrations in postoperative patients and in patients with sepsis syndrome. Blood. 87, 3282-8. 

For the present open observation on sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), nonspecific inflammatory markers were chosen, which are supposed to be involved in the allergic cascade and which can be measured by common ELISA techniques soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), sE-selectin, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and specific IgG4. Earlier investigations in this field were mostly performed on a smaller number of patients and the results are sometimes contradicting. 

Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka A, Kakinoki Y, Ohno Y, Masamoto T, Sakamoto H, Kato A, Washio Y, Hayashi M Serum levels of specific IgE, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997 79 213-220. 

Rea IM, Ross OA, Armstrong M, McNerlan S, Alexander DH, Curran MD, Middleton D. Interleukin-6-gene C/G 174 polymorphism in nonagenarian and octogenarian subjects in the BELFAST study. Reciprocal effects on IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor and for IL-10 in serum and monocyte supernatants. Mech Agein Dev 2003 124 555-561. 

Hypercalcemia is a hallmark of multiple myeloma because bone resorption occurs due to the activation of osteoclasts near myeloma cells by IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor a, and interleukin-1/3 (B6). 

Sweitzer, S., Martin, D., and DeLeo, J. A. (2001). Intrathecal interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in combunation with soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor exhibits an anti-allodynic action in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 103, 529—539. 

Banks, M. (1995) Soluble interleukin-5 receptor a chain binding assays use for screening and analysis of interleukin-5 mutants. Anal. Biochem. 230, 321-328. 

Zdanov, A., Schalk-Hihi, C., and Wlodawer, A. (1996). Crystal structure of human interleukin-10 at 1.6 A resolution and a model of a complex with its soluble receptor. Protein Sci. 5, 1955-1962. 

Here we describe studies of the interaction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) with a soluble form of its cell surface receptor (sIL-6R). A procedure utilising a competition approach is presented which allows the determination of the equilibrium constant in solution thus avoiding any potential problems associated with deviation in kinetic characteristics upon surface immobilisation. In addition, binding characteristics of stable monomeric and dimeric forms of IL-6 are presented to demonstrate both the drastic influence of solute multivalency on kinetic and equilibrium properties and the importance of auxiliary techniques such as analytical ultracentrifugation for the interpretation of SPR data. 

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