Intelligent electronics

Control System Included in this classification are Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA), Distributed Control Systems (DCS), Statistical Process Control systems (SPC), Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), intelligent electronic devices, and computer systems that control manufacturing equipment or receive data directly from manufacturing equipment PLCs. 

Today SAS are being increasingly used in passenger cars and trucks in Europe. Other markets are following, and SAS will be used in cars for intelligent electronic control and assistance systems such as the following. 

Refrigerators and freezers account for about 20% of the total electricity consumption of household appliances. For this reason the appliance industry is under pressure to improve the energy efficiency of their products to cope with the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, as recently mandated by the Kyoto Conference. This objective has to be achieved without penalising product performance. Several options to decrease the energy consumption are under evaluation, ranging from high efficiency compressors to the adoption of intelligent electronic devices [57, 58, 59]. 

Modem networked supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). Dl, device 1 DN, device N lED, intelligent electronic device Int., intelligent I/O, input/output. 

Prvjgrammabk Lojfic Controller (PLC) Intelligent electronic models to perform the tasks of sequential control and process logic solution. 

Once the melt arrives at the sensor, a temperature rise takes place that can be detected with the aid of intelligent electronics and can be used for various open and closed-loop controls. The basic idea is that a melt with the same viscosity must be at the same time at the same place. If the viscosity of the melt changes, the sensor position is reached sooner or later, so temperature increases occur sooner or later. In this manner, the variation of the viscosity can be indirectly monitored. Figure 5.19 shows the time profile of eight cavity temperature curves, where each signal was measured in a separate cavity (8-cavity mold). It can be clearly seen that the filling time of the first cavity filled ends about 1 second before the last cavity filled, which corresponds to a completely unbalanced filling process of a multi-cavity moid. 

Upper and lower limits are generally determined for these monitoring functions, which are automatically monitored during the entire production. If one of these limits is exceeded or falls below, alarm signals are triggered in real time, which are for example used for sorting out the defective molded parts. Intelligent electronics and software solutions offer versatile solutions for this, which can be tailored to the particular application. 

In the case of multi-cavity molds or family molds, intelligent electronics recognize when the first cavity and the last cavity have been filled. Depending on the application, switch over to holding pressure can be done fully automatically in either case. 

Time-controlled drains are generally used on systans where condensate levels are small and regular. Intelligent electronically controlled condensate drains combine pneumatics with electronic control and alarm. Large amounts of condensate can be handled continuously in this way without loss of compressed air. 

Davidsou-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) a geometry optimization algorithm De Novo algorithms algorithms that apply artificial intelligence or rational techniques to solving chemical problems density functional theory (DFT) a computational method based on the total electron density... 

Sensors. One growth area for electronic ceramics is in sensor appHcations. Sensors (qv) are devices that transform nonelectrical inputs into electrical outputs, thus providing environmental feedback. Smart, or intelligent, sensors also allow for mechanisms such as self-diagnosis, recovery, and adjustment for process monitoring and control (see Process control). 

The electronic nose and electronic tongue can be considered as a specific branch of the development of artificial intelligence and application of the electronic brain. 

Another tool the interstates use to maintain their pipelines is a device known as an intelligent pig. Propelled through the pipeline with the gas stream, these devices, taking thousands of measurements with electronic sensors that can be analyzed later by computers, can inspect pipeline interior walls for corrosion or other defects and remove accumulated debris from a section of pipeline. Pipelines also use state-of-the-art coating and cathodic protection to battle corrosion. 

Intelligent transmitters have two major components (1) a sensor module which comprises the process connections and sensor assembly, and (2) a two-compartment electronics housing with a terminal block and an electronics module that contains signal conditioning circuits and a microprocessor. Figure 6.9 illustrates how the primary output signal is compensated for errors caused in pressure-sensor temperature. An internal sensor measures the temperature of the pressure sensor. This measurement is fed into the microprocessor where the primary measurement signal is appropriately corrected. This temperature measurement is also transmitted to receivers over the communications network. 

Carbon is central to life and natural intelligence. Silicon and germanium are central to electronic technology and artificial intelligence (Fig. 14.28). The unique properties of Group 14/IV elements make both types of intelligence possible. The half-filled valence shell of these elements gives them special properties that straddle... 

An expert system, named "GlovES+," has been written to provide reliable selections of chemical protective clothing for a wide variety of chemicals. The system conducts "intelligent searches" which emulate a human expert s decision path in evaluating a large database from an electronic publication by Forsberg. 

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