Monitoring indirect

Laser flash photolysis (LFP) of quinone diazide 2d in Freon-113 at room temperature produces carbene Id, which could be monitored indirectly by addition of trapping reagents.25 At 2.0 xs the lifetime of Id is slightly longer than that of la (1.65 xs), otherwise the reactivities of these carbenes are very similar. The Id —> 11 rearrangement is not observed in the LFP experiments. All trapping products with a variety of reagents (O2, acetonitrile, pyridine etc.) are derived from carbene Id. 

The change of the cell mass can be monitored indirectly by measuring nutrient consumption, product formation, cell components, heat evolution, or other physical properties of broth. 

Whilst with techniques of optical spectroscopies the dynamics of nuclei is monitored indirectly by changes of the electron distribution during the normal mode (reflected via changes of dipole moments or polarizabilities), the inelastic neutron scattering follows the nuclear motion directly. As com-... 

In processing, the delivery of a consistent, homogenous melt is paramount to prevent many defects. Consistent melt viscosity corresponds to the ideal melt state in terms of the molecular arrangement, resulting in the desired product properties. Viscosity is monitored indirectly through control of the melt temperature/pressure, as these parameters are much easier to monitor than viscosity itself. 

Physical aging of a PP material can only be monitored indirectly via the changes in its bulk properties, such as density, crystallinity as assessed via DSC or relaxation processes as seen in DMTA. If better organization in amorphous phase is accepted as the dominant effect, this can well explain the increasing stress transfer between crystalline regions (sometimes called pseudonetwork effecL) having a positive effect on stiffness. 

These ASTM standards are based on three types of controls (1) monitoring indirectly the concentration of diffusible... 

The advantages of this type of correction are that the abundance ratio does not change and the correction factor is therefore constant. The disadvantages are that it does not take mass-dependent sensitivity effects (mass bias) into account and that the accuracy depends on the type and magnitude of interference relative to the analyte. Also, there are some cases where theoretical corrections simply cannot be used because there is no alternative isotope of the interfering species to monitor. In such cases the interference may often be monitored indirectly and the correction factor may be calculated empirically. 

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