Intelligence, artificial

AI is an interdisciplinary approach to understanding human intelligence that has as its common connection the computer as an experimental vehicle. This definition emphasizes the fact that many disciplines contribute to the field of AI. They include computer science, engineering, business, psychology, mathematics, physics, and philosophy. It uses symbolic pattern-matching methods to describe objects, events, or processes, and to make inferences. There is the aspect of computer science that is concerned with building computer systems that emulate what is commonly associated with human intelligence. A hypothetical 

Computers don t understand. At least, they don t understand in the way that we do. Of course, there are some things that are almost beyond comprehension Why do women collect shoes What are the rules of cricket Why do Americans enjoy baseball And why are lawyers paid so much  

These are tough questions. As humans, we can attempt to answer them, but (at least for the next few years) computers cannot help us out. Humans possess far more intelligence than computers, so it is to be expected that if a human struggles to understand shoe collecting, a computer will be totally baffled by it. This makes it all the more surprising that computers that use artificial intelligence can solve a variety of scientific tasks much more effectively than a human. 

Neural networks are also being seriously explored for certain classes of optimization applications. These employ parallel solution techniques which are patterned after the way the human brain functions. Statistical routines and back propagation algorithms are used to force closure on a set of cross linked circuits (equations). Weighting functions are applied at each of the intersections. 

At BPEC, the Engineering Research Center of Excellence at MIT, advanced computer control of bioprocesses is being researched with an eye 

AI research has already provided the concepts of supervised and unsupervised learning to data analysis, and these have proved useful in the classification of analytical methods and to alert us to the potential danger of chance effects. But what of the application of AI techniques themselves 

Traffic control on underground stations Control of a magnetic torus for nuclear 

Control of a chemical plant Control of a nuclear reactor 

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For homogeneous NDT data and repeatable inspection conditions successful automated interpretation systems can relatively easily be developed. They usually use standard techniques from statistical classification or artificial intelligence. Design of successful automated interpretation systems for heterogeneous data coming form non-repeatable, small volume inspections with little a-priori information about the pieces or constructions to be inspected is far more difficult. This paper presents an approach which can be used to develop such systems. 

BE-740S The development of a PC artificial intelligence system for the diagnosis and oroanosis of machine condition usina acoustic emission and acceleration Mr. A. Aurrecoechea gBKWS ... 

The DENDRAL project initiated in 1964 at Stanford was the prototypical application of artificial intelligence techniques - or what was understood at that time under this name - to chemical problems. Chemical structure generators were developed and information from mass spectra was used to prune the chemical graphs in order to derive the chemical structure associated with a certain mass spectrum. 

R. S. Michalski, R. E. Stepp. Learning from Observation Ganceptual Clustering, in Machine Learning An Artificial Intelligence Approach, R.S. Michalski, f.G. CarboneU, T.M. Mitchell (Eds.), Morgan Kauffmatm, San Mateo, GA, 1983, pp. 331-363. 

R. K. Lindsay, B. G. Buchanan, E.A. Feigenbaum, J. Lederberg, Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980. 

G. F. huger, W.A. Stubblefield, Artificial Intelligence and the Eksign of Expert Systems, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing, Redwood City, CA, 1989. 

H. M. Cartwright, Applieation.s of Artificial Intelligence in Chemistry Oxford, Oxford (1993). 

AI (artificial intelligence) computer algorithms that mimic some aspects of how people think... 

Davidsou-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) a geometry optimization algorithm De Novo algorithms algorithms that apply artificial intelligence or rational techniques to solving chemical problems density functional theory (DFT) a computational method based on the total electron density... 

Artichokes Article of manufacture Artifact conservation Artificial colors Artificial flavorings Artificial hip Artificial intelligence... 

Computer-aided process synthesis systems do not mean completely automated design systems (57). Process synthesis should be carried out by interactive systems, in which the engineer s role is to carry out synthesis and the machine s role is to analy2e the performance of synthesized systems. Computet apphcations in the future will probably deal with the knowledge-based system in appHed artificial intelligence. Consequendy, research on computer-aided process synthesis should be directed toward the realization of such systems with the collaboration of experienced process engineers. 

M. C. Tanner andj. Josephson, "Explanation and Abductive Justification," in Proceedings of the Spring Symposium Series on Artificial Intelligence in Medicines Stanford University, Calif., Mar. 1988. 

Artificial intelligence J. Haugeland, Artificial Intelligence The We Idea MIT Press, Boston, Mass., 1989. 

E. Rich, Artificial Intelligence McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1983. 

P. H. Artificial Intelligence Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1984. 

Jeffrey J. Siirola, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Eastman Chemical Company Member, National Academy of Engineering Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 13, Distillation)... 

Mavrovouniotis, Michael L. (ed.). Artificial Intelligence in Frocess Engineering, Academic, Boston (1990). 

Rich, E., and K. Kevin. Artificial Intelligence. 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York (1991). 

Stephanopoulos, G., and J. F. Davis (eds.). Artificial Intelligence in Pr ocess EnQineerina. CACHE Monograph Series, CACHE, Austin... 

The electronic nose and electronic tongue can be considered as a specific branch of the development of artificial intelligence and application of the electronic brain. 

Jin, Y., Levitt, R. E., Christiansen, T. R. and Kunz, I. C. 1995 Modelling Organisational Behaviour of Concurrent Design Teams. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design Analysis and Manufacturing, 9(2), 145-158. 

Burns, R.S. (1997) The Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Modelling and Control of Surface Ships. In Proc. 11th Ship Control Systems Symposium, Southampton UK, April, 1, 77-83. 

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